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to 2,500 partnerships in 1992. In 1992 partners turned $12 million in federal funds into $31.4 million in habitat improvements. BLM enlists partners such as the Global ReLEAF program, sponsored by the American Forestry Association, which in 1992 assisted public land restoration in Nevada, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Arizona. In the Nevada project, 150 volunteers planted aspen, cottonwood, willow, and other shrubs along the Marys River to restore habitat for the Lahonton cutthroat trout. Cosponsoring the project were BLM, Nevada Mining Association, Nevada Chapter of Trout Unlimited, Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and Global ReLEAF.

Take Pride in America. This national public awareness campaign encourages responsibility and pride in America's natural, historic, and cultural

resources. The program relies on volunteers and in-kind contributions from private sources on efforts such as the following:

• America's Treeways. Federal,
state, and private groups are cospon-
soring this program, in which volun-
teers have planted hundreds of
thousands of trees donated by forest
industries along U.S. highways.
• U.S. Virgin Islands Cleanup.
Sponsored by a coalition of commu-
nity groups, this project enlists vol-
unteers of all ages to adopt an
area-beach, park, or roadway-and
accept responsibility for its cleanup.
• National River Cleanup Week. A
new event, sponsored in 1992 by a
coalition of federal agencies and
national conservation groups, result-
ed in the cleanup of 6,000 river miles
by 20,000 volunteers.

Technology

Also see Energy, International Issues, Pollution Prevention, and related tables and figures in Part II.

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this field will result from the following factors:

• New international environmental
accords;

• Increased government investment
in environmental technology, and
• Market-based environmental pro-
grams such as the 1990 Clean Air
Act Amendments that create eco-
nomic incentives for pollution pre-
vention.

Public-Private Collaboration

The federal government funds just under half of all research and development (R&D) in the United States but performs only about 10 percent in its own laboratories. Industry conducts nearly 75 percent of the nation's R&D, and academia, about 10 percent. Recognizing the national economic benefits to be gained from increased public-private cooperation on technology R&D, the Congress enacted the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986. Under its provisions, the number of cooperative R&D agreements (CRADAS) between

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Recent surveys of national technology priorities reflect the need for cleaner, more efficient methods in fields ranging from manufacturing to transportation to agriculture. For example, the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality reviewed current programs and policy reforms needed to spur development of technology to prevent pollution. A 1992 report of the World Resources Institute (WRI), a private, nonprofit environmental group, proposed a list of environmentally critical technologies with the following criteria:

. Their use brings about large, costeffective reduction in environmental risk:

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Note: The National Critical Technologies Panel of the Office of Science and Technology (OSTP), Executive Office of the President, designated national critical technologies; the Department of Commerce (DOC) designated emerging technologies; and the Department of Defense (DOD) designated critical technologies.

Source: National Critical Technologies Panel, Report of the National Critical Technologies Panel, (Washington, DC: OSTP, 1991).

Committee on Industry and Technology (CIT). Coordinated by FCCSET, this committee supports research and assists private industry in the development of technology. CIT sponsors an interagency initiative in Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT), whose environmental component emphasizes development in the following areas:

Environmentally benign manufacturing processes;

• Waste minimization;

Advanced pollution monitoring and sensors; and

• Closed-loop recycling.

Subcommittee on Environmental Technology (SET). Administered by the FCCSET Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences, SET fosters interagency coordination for the research, development, and demonstration of solutions to environmental problems. SET coordinates the following efforts:

• Basic research for innovative technologies;

Applied research for solving environmental problems; and

• Demonstrations or pilot projects to foster rapid application of the products of new technologies.

Private Enterprise/Government Interaction (PEGI). The FCCSET Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences also administers the PEGI Task Group, which facilitates R&D interactions and collaborative efforts between the private sector and federal agencies, with an emphasis on global change issues. In 1992 PEGI collaborated with the Electric Power Research Institute, GEOSAT, Gas Research Institute, and American Petroleum Institute.

Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). In 1990 the Congress directed the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE) to establish SERDP to identify DOD and DOE programs developed for defense purposes but possessing useful applications in the environmental field. For example, data gleaned from submarines and orbiting satellites could help scientists track long-term environmental changes. SERDP also conducts environmental research with private sector and government organizations.

NICE3 Program. Established in 1991 the National Industrial Competitiveness through Efficiency-Environment, Energy, and Economics program (NICE3) is a $2 million grant program jointly administered by the Department of Commerce (DOC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and DOE to fund development of generic, precompetitive technology to enhance industrial competitiveness through improved energy efficiency. Grants are awarded to state and industry consortia to develop energy efficient technologies with promise of commercial viability for U.S. industry. For example, a project was funded in Ohio to develop a new curing system for solvents in the manufacture of pressure-sensitive labels. This technology could result in an estimated savings of 604 billion British thermal units (Btu) per year, with an annual reduction of 7 million pounds of hazardous waste. For more information on NICE3, see the Pollution Prevention section.

Innovative Concepts Program (InnCon). Sponsored by DOE, EPA, and the Department of the Interior,

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