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system of transliteration adheres closely to Turkish spelling. Place names used are, wherever possible, those established by the United States Board on Geographic Names using the conventional English renditions whenever authorized.

Dr. Ronald Miller, of the Department of Economics, The American University, wrote the chapter on Foreign Economic Relations. The authors were fortunate to have the assistance of Miss Oya Akgönenc, who compiled the word list and offered invaluable assistance on a number of social chapters.

COUNTRY SUMMARY

1. COUNTRY: Republic of Turkey. Title adopted in 1923 after former name, Ottoman Empire, was abolished.

2. GOVERNMENT: The Constitution of 1961 establishes a bicameral legislature: Senate members are either popularly elected, appointed by the President, or chosen for life; the National Assembly is popularly elected. In 1968, the President of the Republic was General Çevdet Sunay and the Prime Minister was Süleyman Demirel.

3. POPULATION: About 33 million; annual growth rate, 2.5 percent. Density about 110 per square mile; approximately 90 percent of the total population live in 96 percent of the land area. Composition. Largely homogeneous. Major Moslem minorities include the Kurds (6 percent) and the Arabs (1 percent). Non-Moslem minorities, including Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, form 1 percent of the total population. Immigration. Insignificant since the exchange of persons between Greece and Turkey in 1923. Between 1935 and 1940, under 200,000 Turkish-speaking people immigrated from Rumania and Bulgaria. In 1953-54, 20,000 persons entered from Yugoslavia. Migration. Consists of migration of seasonal labor, nomads moving with their flocks, and migration from rural to urban areas.

4. SIZE: Area, 300,600 square miles; 9,800 square miles in Europe and 290,800 square miles in Asia. Greatest north-south distance, about 395 miles; greatest east-west distance, about 950 miles.

5. TOPOGRAPHY: Five natural regions: the Aegean Coastlands, densely populated plateau in European Turkey; the Black Sea Region, steep and rocky coast covered with lush vegetation; Mediterranean Coastlands, plains rich in agricultural resources; Central Plateau, arid grazing area; and Eastern Highlands, rugged country with severe climate.

6. LANGUAGES: Official language, Turkish, spoken by 92 percent of the population. Other principal languages: Kurdish, Arabic, Greek, Armenian, Caucasian, Ladino and Yiddish.

7. RELIGION: No official religion, but 98 percent of the population are Moslem. Other religions include Judaism and Christianity. 8. EDUCATION: Literacy rate, 48 percent in 1965. In 1966-67, technical and vocational training was provided for 43,000 students. Total university enrollment in 1967 was 60,000.

9. HEALTH: Crude birth rate in 1968, approximately 43 per 1,000; crude death rate in 1965, approximately 10 to 12 per 1,000. Infant mortality rate in 1960-64 estimated as 165 per 1,000 live births. Principal diseases: trachoma, which increased in the mid1960's, tuberculosis, measles, and influenza.

10. CLIMATE: Contrasting climates: warm temperate Mediterranean, cold rainy Caucasus, and the desert and steppe running from the Sahara to Central Asia.

11. JUSTICE: Independent judiciary divided into civil, criminal and administrative courts. Council of State is the highest administrative court. High Tribunal Constitutional Court may be constituted by Grand National Assembly to try high government officials. No jury system.

12. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS: Civil. Provinces (67), districts (571), and villages (35,000). Military. Army maintains system of regional area commands for administrative and tactical purposes.

13. ECONOMY: Predominantly agricultural. Economy is one of mixed private and public enterprise with a small but growing commercial and industrial sector. Growth rate, 6.8 percent in 1968. 14. INDUSTRY: Increasing in economic importance; contributed 14 percent of the gross national product in 1967. Over 60 percent of those engaged in manufacturing worked in establishments employing less than 10 people; the remainder worked mostly for state economic enterprises. Principal products: iron and steel semifinished goods, cement, chemicals. Major minerals: coal, iron, chromium.

15. LABOR: Force estimated to be 13.6 million in 1965, or 43.3 percent of the total population and 74 percent of the population aged 15 and over. In 1965, approximately 72 percent of the working force was engaged in agriculture and related pursuits, 11.2 percent in services, and 9 percent (in 1967) in manufacturing. 16. EXPORTS: Consist largely of agricultural goods: tobacco, fruits, nuts, cotton and oilseeds.

17. IMPORTS: Manufactured goods, machinery, equipment, finished consumer goods, and petroleum products imported principally from West Germany and the United States.

18. FINANCE: Currency. Turkish lira (LT9 equals US$1) is divided into 100 kurus. Subjected to inflationary pressures since the late 1950's. Note issues covered by gold, foreign exchange, government securities, commercial paper, and temporary advances from the Central Bank to the Treasury. Banks. Modernized and diversified banking structure. Central Bank of Turkey supervises the country's banking system and executes the government's monetary policy.

19. COMMUNICATIONS: Radio. Operated by Turkish Radio and Television Corporation, an autonomous public agency; 15 transmitting stations and 2.7 million registered sets. Television. Limited to Istanbul and Ankara. Approximately 8,000 receiving sets and four operating stations. Newspapers. Five major dailies; almost 850 other newspapers and 500 periodicals.

20. RAILROADS: Over 5,000 miles of primarily light, singletrack railways. Greatest concentration in western Turkey. Rail links with Europe, Iran, Iraq, Soviet Union, and Syria.

21. ROADS: Approximately 66,000 miles of roads; almost half are narrow and unpaved. Poor road maintenance.

22. PORTS AND PORT FACILITIES. Istanbul, on Straits of Bosporus, handles most tonnage. Izmir, southeast of main entrance to Gulf of Izmir. Trabzon, on Black Sea. Minor Black Sea ports: Giresun, Samsun, and Zonguldak.

23. AIRFIELDS: International airports serve Ankara and Istanbul. Major domestic airfields: Canakkale, Balikesir, Afyon, Antalya, Izmir, Bursa.

24. AIRLINES: Turkish Airlines, in which British Overseas Airways Corporation is a partner, monopolizes domestic air service connecting 30 cities in summer and 15 in winter. Most major international airlines serve Ankara and Istanbul.

25. INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AND TREATIES: Civil. Associate member of Common Market (EEC); bilateral trade agreements with the Soviet Union. Member of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Military. Member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).

26. AID PROGRAMS: Grants and loans principally from the United States through the OECD Air to Turkey Consortium; other aid sources: West Germany, World Bank, France, Soviet Union, Japan, Kuwait, and European Investment Bank of the Common Market. Credit with International Monetary Fund. Military.

United States military assistance through Joint United States Military Mission for Aid to Turkey (JUSMAAT) since 1947.

28. INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS AND MEMBERSHIPS: Charter member of the United Nations and member of most United Nations Specialized Agencies. Member of the Council of Europe, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund.

29. ARMED FORCES: Consist of army, navy and air force. NATO divisions based in Turkey. Conscription. All 20-year-old males for 2 years in the army or 3 years in the navy and air force. Defense Budget. 18.5 percent of the total budget in 1968 or 4.6 percent of the gross national product.

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