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IPCC Procedures for the Preparation, Review and
Publication of its Technical Papers

At its Eleventh Session (Rome, 11-15 December 1995), the h)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change adopted by
consensus the following procedures for the preparation of
Technical Papers.

IPCC Technical Papers are prepared on topics for which an independent, international scientific/technical perspective is deemed essential. They:

if necessary, as determined by the IPCC Bureau, would include in an annex differing views, based on comments made during final government review, not otherwise adequately reflected in the paper.

Such Technical Papers are then made available to the
Conference of the Parties or its subsidiary body, in response
to its request, and thereafter publicly. If initiated by the
Panel, Technical Papers are made available publicly. In

a) are based on the material already in the IPCC assess- either case, IPCC Technical Papers prominently state in the ment reports and special reports;

b) are initiated: (i) in response to a formal request from the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change or its subsidiary bodies and agreed by the IPCC Bureau; or (ii) as decided by the Panel;

c) are prepared by a team of authors, including a convening lead author, selected by the IPCC Bureau, in accordance with the guidelines of the selection of lead authors contained in the IPCC Procedures;*

d) are submitted in draft form for simultaneous expert and government review at least four weeks before the comments are due;

e) are revised by the lead authors based upon the comments reviewed in the step above;

f) are submitted for final government review at least four weeks before the comments are due;

g) are finalized by the lead authors, in consultation with the IPCC Bureau which functions in the role of an editorial board, based on the comments received; and,

beginning:

"This is a Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change prepared in response to a [request from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]/[decision of the Panel]. The material herein has undergone expert and government review but has not been considered by the Panel for possible acceptance or approval."

* Preparation of the first draft of a report should be undertaken by lead authors identified by the relevant Working Group bureau from those experts cited in the lists provided by all countries and participating organizations, with due consideration being given to those known through their publication or work. In so far as practicable, the composition of the group of lead authors for a section of a report shall reflect fair balance among different points of view that can reasonably be expected by the Working Group bureau, and should include at least one expert from a developing country.

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Foreword

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was jointly established by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme in 1988 to assess the scientific and technical literature on climate change, the potential impacts of changes in climate, and options for adaption to and mitigation of climate change. Since its inception, the IPCC has produced a series of Assessment Reports, Special Reports, Technical Papers, methodologies and other products which have become standard works of reference, widely used by policymakers, scientists and other experts.

As usual in the IPCC, success in producing this report has depended on the enthusiasm and cooperation of numerous scientists and other experts worldwide. These individuals have given generously of their time, often going beyond reasonable demands of duty. We applaud, admire, and are grateful for their commitment to the IPCC process. We are pleased to note the continuing efforts made by the IPCC to ensure participation of scientists and other experts from the developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Given the regional focus of this report, their participation was especially essential to its successful completion. We also express our thanks to the many governments, including those in the developing regions and regions with economies in transition, that supported these scientists and experts in their work.

We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the following individuals for nurturing another IPCC report through to completion:

This Special Report, which has been produced by Working Group II of the IPCC, builds on the Working Group's contribution to the Second Assessment Report (SAR), and incorporates more recent information made available since mid-1995. It has been prepared in response to a request from the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It addresses an important question posed by the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC, namely, the degree to which human conditions and the natural. environment are vulnerable to the potential effects of climate change. The report establishes a common base of information regarding the potential costs and benefits of climatic change, including the evaluation of uncertainties, to help the COP determine what adaptation and mitigation measures might be justified. The report consists of vulnerability assessments for 10 regions that comprise the Earth's entire land surface and adjoining coastal seas: Africa, Arid Western Asia (including the Middle East), Australasia, Europe, Latin America, North America, the Polar Regions (The Arctic and the Antarctic), Small Island States, Temperate Asia and Tropical Asia. It also includes several annexes that provide information about cli-⚫ mate observations, climate projections, vegetation distribution projections and socioeconomic trends.

Professor B. Bolin, the Chairman of the IPCC

The Co-Chairs of Working Group II, Dr. R.T. Watson (USA) and Dr. M.C. Zinyowera (Zimbabwe)

The Vice-Chairs of the Working Group, Dr. M. Beniston (Switzerland), Dr. O. Canziani (Argentina), Dr. J. Friaa (Tunisia), Ing. (Mrs.) M. Perdomo (Venezuela), Dr. S.K. Sharma (India), Mr. H. Tsukamoto (Japan), and Professor P. Vellinga (The Netherlands)

Dr. R.H. Moss, Head of the Technical Support Unit (TSU) of Working Group II, Mr. D.J. Dokken, the Project Administrator and the other members of the TSU, including Ms. S. MacCracken, Ms. L. Van Wie McGrory and Ms. F. Ormond

Dr. N. Sundararaman, the Secretary of the IPCC, and his staff, including Ms. R. Bourgeois, Ms. C. Ettori and Ms. C. Tanikie.

G.O.P. Obasi

Secretary-General

World Meteorological Organization

Ms. E. Dowdeswell

Executive Director

United Nations Environment Programme

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