BATTLESHIPS

Hastings (1066). See ENGLAND: 1066: Norman invasion.

Orléans (1429). See FRANCE: 1429-1431. Armada (1588). See ENGLAND: 1588: Spanish Armada.

Blenheim (1704). See GERMANY: 1704. Poltava (1709). See SWEDEN: 1707-1718. Saratoga (1777). See U. S. A.: 1777 (JulyOctober).

Valmy (1792). See FRANCE: 1792 (SeptemberDecember).

Waterloo (1815). See FRANCE: 1815 (June). After Waterloo and preceding the World War

come:

Ayacucho (1824). See PERU: 1820-1826. Sevastopol (1855). See RUSSIA: 1854-1855. Gettysburg (1863). See U. S. A.: 1863 (JuneJuly: Pennsylvania).

Sadowa, or Königgrätz (1866). See GERMANY:

1866.

Sedan (1870). See FRANCE: 1870 (August-September).

Plevna (1877). See TURKEY: 1877-1878.

Port Arthur (1895). See CHINA: 1894-1895. Santiago (1898). See U. S. A.: 1898 (July 3); 1898 (July 4-17).

Manila Bay (1898). See U. S. A.: 1898 (JulySeptember).

Mukden (1905). See JAPAN: 1902-1905.

The decisive battles of the World War are: Marne, 1st Battle of (1914). See WORLD WAR: 1914: I. Western front: 0; P; P, 2; P, 4; P, 5; q. Tannenburg (1914). See WORLD WAR: 1914: II. Eastern front: c, 3.

Verdun (1916). See WORLD WAR: 1916: II. Western front: b; b, 5; b, 6; b, 19; c; d, 3.

Jutland (1916). See WORLD WAR: 1916: IX. Naval operations: a.

Vittorio Veneto (1918). See WORLD WAR: 1918: IV. Austro-Italian theater: c.

Picardy (1918). See WORLD WAR: 1918: II. Western front: b.

Argonne (1918). See WORLD WAR: 1918: II. Western front: b, 1; o, 1; r; u; v; v, 1.

Marne, 2d Battle of (1918). See WORLD WAR: 1918: II. Western front: g, 8.

BATTLESHIPS. See WARSHIPS.

BATU KHAN (d. 1256), leader in the Mongolian invasion of Europe. See MONGOLIA: 11531227; 1229-1294; 1238-1391; and RUSSIA: 12371294.

BAVARIA

ist. See GERMANY: 1919 (June-July); 1920 (March-April); PARIS CONFERENCE: Reception, etc. BAUERNLEGEN, practice of expropriation of the peasant proprietors, common in Germany after the Thirty Years' War. See GERMANY: 1648: Thirty years' war.

BAULNY, village of France north-west of Verdun, taken by the Allies in 1918. See WORLD WAR: 1918: II. Western front: v, 7.

BAUM, Friedrich, German colonel in England's service during the American revolution. See U. S. A.: 1777 (July-October).

BAURE, South American Indian tribe. See ANDESIANS.

BAUTZEN, Battle of. See AUSTRIA: 18091814; and GERMANY: 1813 (May-August).

BAUX, Lords of, Gothic origin of the.-The illustrious Visigothic race of the "Balthi" or "Baltha" ("the bold"), from which sprang Alaric, "continued to flourish in France in the Gothic province of Septimania, or Languedoc, under the corrupted appellation of Baux, and a branch of that family afterwards settled in the kingdom of Naples."-E. Gibbon, History of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, ch. 30, note.

BAVAI, village of France northwest of Mons, occupied by the British in 1914 and again in 1918. See WORLD WAR: 1914: I. Western front: n; 1918: II. Western front: w, 2; x, 3.

BAVARIA (Bayern), a state in the south of Germany; capital, Munich. Formerly a kingdom; since Aug. 14, 1919, the Free State of Bavaria. The country is supposed to have derived its name from the Boii, or Boians, a Gallic tribe which settled in that region after their expulsion from Gallia Cisalpina by the Romans.-See also BOLANS, or Bon; GERMANY: Map.

Physical conditions. - Area. - Population. Education.-Natural resources.-Industry and commerce.-Constituting the southeastern corner of Germany, Bavaria occupies the basin of the Danube, which crosses the entire breadth of the country, receiving in its course numerous tributaries, and the basin of the Main which winds through its northern part. It is separated from other territories by the Alps on the south, the Böhmerwald on the northeast, and the Fichtelgebirge and the Frankenwald on the north, and is bounded by Würtemberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt on the west. Its western part, cut off by the grand duchy of Hesse, is known as the Palatinate. Bavaria was the second largest state of the empire, covering an area of 30,562 square miles with an additional 277 square miles of water. It comprises the districts of Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, the Upper Palatinate, Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia, Lower Franconia, Swabia, the Palatinate, and Coburg which joined Bavaria on February 16, 1920. The principal towns are Munich (q. v.), (München), Nuremberg (Nürnberg), Augsburg, Würzburg, Ludwigshafen a. Rh., Fürth, Kaiserslautern, Ratisbon (Regensburg), and Bamberg. The estimated population of the two largest towns, Munich and Nuremberg, in 1914 was 639,214 and 373,865 respectively. The majority of the population (4,862,233) are Roman Catholics. Of the remainder 1,942,385 are Protestants, and 55,065 are Jews. Education is compulsory from six to sixteen. In 1913-1914 Bavaria had 7,534 elementary schools with 1,091,884 pupils, and two agricultural schools with 329 pupils. Its three universities are located in Munich, Würzburg, and Erlangen. "Bavaria is essentially an agricultural state possessing rich forests, long stretches of grazing lands, lakes and rivers capable of developing 200,000 horsepower, and grain lands that provide in normal times quite

BATUM, a province in the republic of Georgia, until 1917 an integral part of the Russian empire; area 2.693 square miles; received from Turks in 1878 after the Congress of Berlin. (See TURKEY: 1878.) Within its boundaries lies the city of Batum, one of the principal ports on the Black sea, the terminus for the Transcaucasian railway and of the petroleum pipe line from Baku. Was the scene of encounters with the Bolsheviki in May, 1920, before they gained complete control of southern Russia.-See also GEORGIA, REPUBLIC OF: 1920: Foreign relations; SÈVRES, TREATY OF: 1920; Part XI. Ports, waterways and railways.

BATUM, Treaty of (1918). See GEORGIA, RePUBLIC OF: 1918.

BAU. See FIJI ISLANDS.

BAUDELAIRE, Charles Pierre (1821-1867), French poet. See FRENCH LITERATURE: 1840-1896. BAUDIN, Nicolas (fl. 1800), explorer in South Seas. See PACIFIC OCEAN: 1764-1850.

BAUDOUIN (Baldwin) (d. 879), first Count of Flanders. See FLANDERS: 863.

BAUER, Gustav Adolf, German chancellor in 1919, succeeding Scheidemann; a Majority Social

a quantity of wheat and barley for export. . . . It is stated that of a total population of 7,000,000 at least 3,000,000 are engaged in agricultural pursuits." -(Commerce Reports, Apr. 24, 1920).-Besides wheat and barley, the chief agricultural products are rye, oats, potatoes, hops, and vines. Of livestock, horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, and goats are raised. Its mineral resources are iron and coal. "At the normal price of the mark and with cheap transportation in German ships it had been possible to build up an enviable position in the export trade. Factories sprang up in all parts of the country. Nüremberg (q. v.) became the center in Bavaria for a variety of industrial enterprises. It is stated that within a small radius there were 500 factories. Exports included toys, bronze powder, metal clip

BAVARIA

Ethnology of.-"Bavaria . . . falls into two divisions; the Bavaria of the Rhine, and the Bavaria of the Danube. In Rhenish Bavaria the descent is from the ancient Vangiones and Nemetes, either Germanized Gauls or Gallicized Germans, with Roman superadditions. Afterwards, an extension of the Alemannic and Suevic populations from the right bank of the Upper Rhine completes the evolution of their present Germanic character. Danubian Bavaria falls into two subdivisions. North of the Danube the valley of the Naab, at least, was originally Slavonic, containing an extension of the Slavonic population of Bohemia. But disturbance and displacement began early... In the third and fourth centuries, the Suevi and Alemanni extended themselves from the

pings, etc."-Commerce Reports, Apr. 24, 1920.Its chief industries were art, breweries, locomotive factories, and porcelain works. Plans are now under way to establish plants for the manufacturing of agricultural machinery. The building trade also occupied a great number of the population before the war. At present it is at a standstill due to the lack of raw materials. Catering to tourists was the main source of revenue before the war, about 300,000 tourists passing there annually. In addition to these there will be two new industries. After the lapse of centuries gold mining will be resumed in Upper Franconia, where a scientific analysis shortly before the war showed the gold content in that district to be 52 gr. to 1 ton of ore. Oil shale will be extracted in the Jura mountains of the Bayreuth district, the oil resources of which are estimated at 228 million tons. An area of about 7400 hectares has been acquired for this purpose, and an expensive plant is being erected.

Upper Rhine. . . . The northwestern parts of Bavaria were probably German from the beginning. South of the Danube the ethnology changes. In the first place the Roman elements increase; since Vindelicia was a Roman province. . . . Its present character has arisen from an extension of the Germans of the Upper Rhine."-R. G. Latham, Ethnology of Europe, ch. 8.-See also ALEMANNI: 213.

547.-Subjection of the Bavarians to the Franks. "It is about this period [547] that the Bavarians first become known in history as tributaries of the Franks; but at what time they became so is matter of dispute. From the previous silence of the annalists respecting this people, we may perhaps infer that both they and the Suabians remained independent until the fall of the Ostrogothic Empire in Italy. The Gothic dominions were bounded on the north by Rhætia and Noricum; and between these countries and the Thuringians, who lived still further to the north, was

the country of the Bavarians and Suabians. Thuringia had long been possessed by the Franks, Rhætia was ceded by Vitisges, king of Italy, and Venetia was conquered by Theudebert [the Austrasian Frank King]. The Bavarians were therefore, at this period, almost surrounded by the Frankish territories. . . . Whenever they may have first submitted to the yoke, it is certain that at the time of Theudebert's death [547], or shortly after that event, both Bavarians and Suabians (or Alemannians), had become subjects of the Merovingian kings."-W. C. Perry, The Franks, ch. 3.

BAVARIA. 1180-1356

the Magyars of Hungary. (See HUNGARY: 934955). In 1070 it passed into the possession of the family of the Guelphs, but in their fight with the Ghibellines, it was taken away from Henry the Proud by Conrad of Germany, in 1138, and restored again to his son Henry the Lion. (See GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES). With the increase of his territories the latter became a powerful king, but a conflict with the emperor brought the imperial ban upon him. See SAXONY: 1178-1183. 1101.-Disastrous crusade by Duke See CRUSADES: I101-1102.

Welf.

843-1183.-Ancient duchy.-Part of the Austrian march till 1156.-Possession of the house of Guelph; lost in the fight with the Ghibellines; restored to Henry the Lion.-Under imperial ban.-Forming part of Charlemagne's empire in the eighth century, it became one of the duchies of the kingdom of the East-Franks after the division of the empire by the treaty of Verdun in 843. (See GERMANY: 843-962). At that time it probably occupied a territory bounded mainly by the Enns, the Danube, the Lech, and the Alps. In 876 it became united to the Austrian march, but was again separated from it in 1156. In 900 and again in 954 it was invaded and ravaged by

BRANDENBURG: 1168-1417. 1180-1356.-House of Wittelsbach.-Its acquisition of Bavaria and the Palatinate of the Rhine. Loss of the electoral vote by Bavaria. -When, in 1180, the dominions of Henry the Lion, under the ban of the empire, were stripped from him (see SAXONY: 1178-1183), by the imperial sentence of forfeiture, and were divided and conferred upon others by Frederick Barbarossa, the duchy of Bavaria was given to Otto, count palatine of Wittelsbach. "As he claimed a descent from an ancient royal family of Bavaria, it was alleged that, in obtaining the sovereignty of that state, he

had only in some measure regained those rights which in former times belonged to his ancestors." -Sir A. Halliday, Annals of the House of Hanover, v. 1, p. 276.-"Otto. . . was a descendant of that Duke Luitpold who fell in combat with the Hungarians, and whose sons and grandsons had already worn the ducal cap of Bavaria. No princely race in Europe is of such ancient extraction. . . . Bavaria was as yet destitute of towns: Landshutt and Munich first rose into consideration in the course of the 13th century; Ratisbon, already a flourishing town, was regarded as the capital and residence of the Dukes of Bavaria. ... A further accession of dignity and power awaited the family in 1214 in the acquisition of the Palatinate of the Rhine (q.v.). Duke Ludwig was

BAVARIA: 1610-1648

him, and for this Bavaria was punished by the loss of the vote, and of the territory above the Enns." [Afterwards, for a time, the duke of Bavaria and the count palatine exercised the right of the electoral vote alternately; but in 1356 by the Golden Bull of Charles IV [see GERMANY: 1347-1493], the vote was given wholly to the count palatine, and lost to Bavaria for nearly 300 years.]-J. I. von Döllinger, House of Wittelsbach (Studies in European history, ch. 2).

1291-1349.-Conquests of Louis IV.-Quarrels with papacy. See AUSTRIA: 1291-1349.

1314.-Election of Louis to the imperial throne.-Louis, or Ludowic, duke of Bavaria, was elected German king simultaneously with Frederick of Austria. This led to a battle between Mühl

now the most powerful prince of Southern Germany. . . . His son Otto the Illustrious, remaining

true to the imperial house, died excommunicate, and his dominions were placed for several years under an interdict. . . . Upon the death of Otto a partition of the inheritance took place. This partition became to the family an hereditary evil, a fatal source of quarrel and of secret or open enmity. . . . In [the] dark and dreadful period of interregnum [see GERMANY: 1250-1272], when all men waited for the final dissolution of the empire, nothing appears concerning the Wittelsbach family. . . . Finally in 1273 Rudolf, the first of the Habsburgs, ascended the long-unoccupied throne. . . . He won over the Bavarian princes by bestowing his daughters upon them in marriage. Louis remained faithful and rendered him good service; but the turbulent Henry, who had already made war upon his brother for the possession of the electoral vote [See GERMANY: 1125-1272], deserted

berg and Ettingen in Bavaria, in which Louis triumphed. However, his open warfare against the head of the church led to the Pope's interference and Louis's excommunication followed, while Germany was placed under an interdict.-See also GERMANY: 1314-1347.

1327-1330.-Interests in Italy. See ITALY:

1313-1330.

1345.-United with Netherlands. See NETHERLANDS: 889-1345. See also BELGIUM: 1297-1477. 1419-1434.-Battles with Hussites. See BoHEMIA: 1419-1434.

1497-1616.-Relief measures for poor. See CHARITIES: Germany: 1497-1616.

1500.-Formation of the circle. See GERMANY:

1493-1519.

1610-1648.-Participation in the Thirty Years' War: Occupation by Gustavus Adolphus: Acquisition of the Upper Palatinate and the electoral dignity.-As head of the Catholic League,

Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria participated in the Thirty Years' War on the side of the Hapsburgs. [See GERMANY: 1608-1618 to 1618-1620.] During the war Bavaria was occupied by Gustavus Adolphus, and Munich had already submitted to him, when the elector of Bavaria joined General Wallenstein and the Swedes were repelled from Bavaria. Ravaged by the Swedes and French during the war, Bavaria was compensated by the acquisition of the Upper Palatinate in the peace of Westphalia, following the transfer of the Electoral dignity to the duke of Bavaria in 1623.-See also GERMANY: 16211623 to 1648; Peace, Map: At peace of Westphalia.

1686-1696. In the league of Augsburg and in the War of the Grand Alliance.-Bavaria participated in the league of Augsburg, formed to resist the advances of Louis XIV in 1686, and until 1696 fought in the War of the Grand Alliance, into which the league had developed.-See also GERMANY: 1686; FRANCE: 1689-1691; 1695-1696.

1700-1714.-Dissolution of the electorate in the War of the Spanish Succession.-Imperial ban till the treaty of Utrecht.-Following the claims of the electoral duke on the Spanish crown, Bavaria became engaged in the War of the Spanish Succession on the side of the French. After alternate success and defeat, the fight ended with the dissolution of Bavaria. Elector Maximilian was placed under the imperial ban, and only by the treaty of Utrecht was he restored to his dominions with the exception of the Upper Palatinate.See also GERMANY: 1702; 1703; 1704; 1705; SPAIN: 1698-1700; and UTRECHT: 1712-1714.

1740-1748.-Elector's claim to the crown of Austria.-Elector crowned emperor.-His defeat in the War of the Austrian Succession.When Charles VI, the last representative of the direct line of the Habsburgs, died in 1740, the duke of Bavaria claimed to be the rightful heir and succeeded in having himself crowned emperor, as Charles VII, in 1742. In the War of the Austrian Succession, which followed, Bavaria joined France, and after a temporary loss and recovery of its possessions, Munich was taken again in 1743 and the emperor-elector Charles VII was obliged to flee. By the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), (q. v.), which brought the war to an end, the electoral house of Bavaria not only made no territorial gains, but almost lost its own patrimonial possessions. See also AUSTRIA: 1740 (October); 1741 (May-June) and (August-November); 1742 (June-December); and 1744-1745.

1768.-Expulsion of the Jesuits. See JESUITS:

1761-1769.

1777-1779.-Succession question.-"With the death of Maximilian Joseph, of Bavaria (30 December, 1777), the younger branch of the house of Wittelsbach became extinct, and the electorate of Bavaria. . . came to an end. By virtue of the original partition in 1310, the duchy of Bavaria ought to pass to the elder branch of the family, represented by Charles Theodore, the Elector Palatine. But Joseph [the Second, the Emperor], saw the possibility of securing valuable additions to Austria which would round off the frontier on the west. The Austrian claims were legally worthless. They were based chiefly upon a gift of the Straubingen territory which Sigismund was said to have made in 1426 to his son-in-law, Albert of Austria, but which had never taken effect and had since been utterly forgotten. It would be impossible to induce the diet to recognise such claims, but it might be possible to come to an understanding with the aged Charles Theodore, who had no legitimate children and was not likely to feel any very keen

BAVARIA. 1848

interest in his new inheritance. Without much difficulty the elector was half frightened, half induced to sign a treaty (3 January, 1778), by which he recognised the claims put forward by Austria, while the rest of Bavaria was guaranteed to him and his successors. Austrian troops were at once despatched to occupy the ceded districts. The condition of Europe seemed to assure the success of Joseph's bold venture. . . . There was only one quarter from which opposition was to be expected, Prussia. Frederick promptly appealed to the fundamental laws of the Empire, and declared his intention of upholding them with arms. But he could find no supporters except those who were immediately interested, the elector of Saxony, whose mother, as a sister of the late elector of Bavaria, had a legal claim to his allodial property, and Charles of Zweibrücken, the heir apparent of the childless Charles Theodore.. Frederick, left to himself, despatched an army into Bohemia, where the Austrian troops had been joined by the emperor in person. But nothing came of the threatered hostilities. Frederick was unable to force on a battle, and the so-called war was little more than an armed negotiation. . . . France and Russia undertook to mediate, and negotiations were opened in 1779 at Teschen, where peace was signed on the 13th of May. Austria withdrew the claims which had been recognised in the treaty with the Elector Palatine, and received the 'quarter of the Inn,' i. e., the district from Passau to Wildshut. Frederick's eventual claims to the succession in the Franconian principalities of Anspach and Baireuth, which Austria had every interest in opposing, were recognised by the treaty. The claims of Saxony were bought off by a payment of 4,000,000 thalers. The most unsatisfactory part of the treaty was that it was guaranteed by Franco and Russia. . . . On the whole, it was a great triumph for Frederick and an equal humiliation for Joseph II. His schemes of aggrandisement hac been foiled."-R. Lodge, History of modern Eu rope, ch. 20, sect. 3.

ALSO IN: T. H. Dyer, History of modern Europe, v. 3, bk, 6, ch. 8.

1789.-One of the German Circles. See GERMANY: 1789.

1798-1806.-Enlarged by Napoleon by his Act of Federation. See AUSTRIA: 1798-1806.

1801-1814.-Aggrandizement.-Created a kingdom.-Joined to the Confederation of the Rhine. -Tyrol.-By the treaty of Lunéville (1801), Bavaria attained Würzburg, Bamberg, Freisingen, Augsburg, and Passau. (See GERMANY: 18011803.) By the treaty of Pressburg, its territories were still further enlarged at the expense of Austria. Besides Tyrol, with Brixen and Trent, Bavaria obtained Vorarlberg, the county of Hohenemes, and the town of Lindau. In 1805 it was created a kingdom by Napoleon, and the next year joined the Confederation of the Rhine (see Austria: 1798-1806; GERMANY: 1805-1806). Despite the revolt of Tyrol, Bavaria retained it by the help of the French until the Congress of Vienna. when it was restored to the Austrians in 1814. -See also EUROPE: Modern: Map of central Europe in 1812; FRANCE: 1814 (April-June); GERMANY: 1809-1810 (April-February); 1813 (October-December); VIENNA, CONGRESS OF.

1818. Constitution granted. See SUFFRAGE, MANHOOD: Germany: 1800-1840.

1848.-Revolution-Abdication of the king.In Bavaria the revolution of 1848 took the form. of an uprising against the king's provisions for his mistress, Lola Montez, whom he had created Countess of Landsfeldt. He was compelled to