BARCELONA. 713 portant under the Visigoths, being their temporary capital in 415 and again in 531. In 540 and 599 church councils were held at Barcelona, which had been a bishopric since 343. 713.-Surrender SPAIN: 711-713. to the Arab-Moors. See 801.-In 801 Barcelona with the rest of Catalonia passed under the dominion of the Franks. 874-1151.-Counts of Barcelona ruled as independent monarchs.-"Wifredo, count of Barcelona, is believed to have established his independence as early as 874, although that event is doubtful; at any rate the separation from the Frankish kingdom was not much longer delayed. Each count was a lord unto himself. By the beginning of the eleventh century they were saluted with the title of prince in recognition of their sovereignty."-C. E. Chapman, History of Spain, pp. 56-65.-"At the time when Ramon Berenguer I (1035-1076) became the count of Barcelona, Catalonia was a federation of counties, acknowledging the ruler of Barcelona as overlord. By the end of his reign he had united five Catalonian counties and many other territories under his rule, including almost as much land in southern France as he possessed in Spain. No further progress was made until the reign of Ramon Berenguer III (1096-1131) who, through inheritance, without civil wars, acquired all the Catalonian counties but two and a great part of southern France. He also waged war against the Moslems, though perhaps the most notable thing about them was that the Pisans fought as his allies. Indeed, he established commercial and diplomatic relations with the various Italian republics. . . . Ramon Berenguer IV (1131-1162) inherited only the Spanish portions of his father's domain, but extended his authority over Tortosa, Lérida, and other Moslem regions. In 1150 he married the daughter of the king of Aragon [see also SPAIN: 1035-1258] and in 1164 his son by this marriage united Aragon and Catalonia under a single rule."-C. E. Chapman, A History of Spain, PP. 77-78. 1151. The country joined to Aragon. See SPAIN: 1035-1258. 12th-16th centuries.-Commercial prosperity and municipal freedom. "The city of Barcelona, which originally gave its name to the county of which it was the capital, was distinguished from a very early period by ample municipal privileges. After the union with Aragon in the 12th century, the monarchs of the latter kingdom extended towards it the same liberal legislation; sc that, by the 13th, Barcelona had reached a degree of commercial prosperity rivalling that of any of the Italian republics. She divided with them the lucrative commerce with Alexandria; and her port, thronged with foreigners from every nation, became a principal emporium in the Mediterranean for the spices, drugs, perfumes, and other rich commodities of the East, whence they were diffused over the interior of Spain and the European continent. Her consuls, and her commercial factories, were established in every considerable port in the Mediterranean and in the north of Europe. The natural products of her soil, and her various domestic fabrics, supplied her with abundant articles of export. Fine wool was imported by her in considerable quantities from England in the 14th and 15th centuries, and returned there manufactured into cloth; an exchange of commodities the reverse of that existing between the two nations at the present day. Barcelona claims the merit of having established the first bank of exchange and deposit in Europe, in 1491; it was BARCELONA. 1651-1652 devoted to the accommodation of foreigners as well as of her own citizens. She claims the glory, too, of having compiled the most ancient written code, among the moderns, of maritime law now extant, digested from the usages of commercial nations, and which formed the basis of the mercantile jurisprudence of Europe during the Middle Ages. The wealth which flowed in upon Barcelona, as the result of her activity and enterprise, was evinced by her numerous public works, her docks, arsenals, warehouses, exchange, hospitals, and other constructions of general utility. Strangers, who visited Spain in the 14th and 15th centuries, expatiate on the magnificence of this city, its commodious private edifices, the cleanliness of its streets and public squares (a virtue by no means usual in that day), and on the amenity of its gardens and cultivated environs. But the peculiar glory of Barcelona was the freedom of her municipal institutions. Her government consisted of a senate or council of one hundred, and a body of regidores or counsellors, as they were styled, varying at times from four to six in number; the former intrusted with the legislative, the latter with the executive functions of administration. A large proportion of these bodies were selected from the merchants, tradesmen, and mechanics of the city. They were invested not merely with municipal authority, but with many of the rights of sovereignty. They entered into commercial treaties with foreign powers; superintended the defence of the city in time of war; provided for the security of trade; granted letters of reprisal against any nation who might violate it; and raised and appropriated the public moneys for the construction of useful works, or the encouragement of such commercial adventures as were too hazardous or expensive for individual enterprise. The counsellors, who presided over the municipality, were complimented with certain honorary privileges, not even accorded to the nobility. They were addressed by the title of magnificos; were seated, with their heads covered, in the presence of royalty; were preceded by mace-bearers, or lictors, in their progress through the country; and deputies from their body to the court were admitted on the footing and received the honors of foreign ambassadors. These, it will be recollected, were plebeians, merchants and mechanics. Trade never was esteemed a degradation in Catalonia, as it came to be in Castile."-W. H. Prescott, History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, introduction, sect. 2.-See also MONEY AND BANKING: Medieval: 14th-15th centuries. 1450.-Founding of the University of Barcelona. "The most noteworthy university founded in the period was that of Barcelona, which evolved from an academy in the opening years of the fourteenth century to the rank of a university in 1450 with courses in theology, civil and canon law, philosophy, arts and medicine."-C. E. Chapman, History of Spain, p. 188. 1640.-Insurrection.-In 1640 Barcelona was the centre of the Catalonian rebellion against Philip IV, and called upon France for protection. See SPAIN: 1640-1642. ALSO IN: M. A. S. Hume, Spain, pp. 258-260. 1651-1652.-Siege and capture by the Spaniards. "The Catalans at this time were heartily tired of their French masters. . . . Mortara, the Spanish commander who was a man of energy and resource, lost no opportunity. He captured Tortosa (November, 1650), and then besieged Barcelona, whilst Don Juan blockaded the front by sea. After fifteen months of siege, and incredible suffering from famine, the place capitulated (Octo 1857 the population of the city amounted to 180,014 and by an enumeration in 1864 the city and its suburbs were found to contain 252,000 persons. (In 1921 the population was about 600,000.) 1895. Student riots. See SPAIN: 1885-1896. 1902.-General strike and battle with soldiery. -Barcelona, the scene of frequent disturbance, both political and industrial, produced in the middle of February, a general strike of 80,000 workmen, between whom and the troops of General Weyler, the minister of war, a week of battle in the streets occurred, with martial law in force. 1903-1919.-Relations with Spain.-Industrial unrest. Syndicalism.-"It is a city of the North, full of restlessness, an unnatural energy, haunted by a desire for gain, absolutely modern in its expression, that has made of one of the oldest cities in Spain a sort of Manchester, almost without smoke it is true but full of mean streets and the immense tyranny of machinery, that for the most part Spain has escaped so fortunately. Barcelona has nothing in common with any other Mediterranean city, unless indeed it be Marseilles, but it lacks the lucidity of that great French city. ... It is the one city in Spain that is devoted to commerce and indeed, it is not really Spanish at all. ... Little by little, in passing up and down Barcelona, Spain falls away from you, and you find yourself in a cosmopolitan city of the modern world."-E. Hutton, Cities of Spain, pp. 30-31-Barcelona has long been the industrial and commercial centre of eastern Spain-a preeminence which dates from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It received a temporary check after the discovery of America and again from the disasters of the Spanish-American war (1898) but it soon picked up again and by 1904 was a port of regular call of thirty-five important shipping companies. The historic antagonism between the Catalans and the other inhabitants of Spain was strengthened by the industrial development of Barcelona. The Catalans look upon their rulers as reactionary and reserve all their sympathies for their Provençal neighbors whom they resemble so nearly in race, temperament and language. Republican ideals were abroad and took the form partly of powerful labour and socialist organizations. In 1903 seventy-five strikes occurred and that year is supposed to have been a comparatively quiet one. "Barcelona is historically turbulent. The Province of Catalonia of which Barcelona is the capital is inhabited by a race that has ethnological variation from the general Spanish type. These people speak a language of their own and think and act differently from the other people of Spain. Politically, Barcelona presents to Spain something of the same problem that Ireland does to Great Britain. Their aspiration is for at least a modified home rule and the answer of the Cortez to that invariably has been measures of stern repression. So there is a political foundation for BARCELONA. 1915-1919 are unrest in Catalonia that is not found in any other province, but there is also a social phenomenon there far more interesting and significant than anything that has its root in political differences. Barcelona is the great manufacturing center of Spain for almost everything except iron and a great percentage of its population is made up of wage-workers. The provincial characteristics of the Catalonians, their independence, their disregard for authority, their progressiveness, have all found play in creating what to me was the most menacing, the most extraordinary, the most terrifying organization with which I have ever come in contact. General strikes called merely as a sort of organization gymnastics, without any demands being made and with no one put forward with whom negotiation might be made to end the strike. Such a strike may last a day or a week and as suddenly and mysteriously as work stopped, it will be resumed. All this is done to impress the public and to train the organization. One of the latest phases has been the censorship of newspapers. The newspapers were told they must submit all proofs before publication and that if they published anything unauthorized, they would be fined. Two papers were fined 5,000 pesetas each for printing official orders issued by the Government. If they did not pay the fine so levied, they were told that their presses would be mysteriously destroyed. Even if they did pay the fine, as happened in one case, there still was no relinquishing of the severity of the censorship. The result was that every paper in Barcelona ceased publication and for fifteen days prior to the time I was there, not a single paper had been printed and the only news of the world which the town had came twenty-four hours old in the Madrid papers. The essence of the Syndicalist methods as exhibited in Barcelona is assassination. Up to the time I was there, there had been 72 employers or industrial foremen mysteriously slain. . . . The civil governor, obedient to threats of assassination within twelve hours, threw up his post and went to Madrid. One of the results was the fall of the Romanones Ministry. Opposed to this mysterious organization of workmen, there is growing up what we would term Vigilantes but what is called in Catalonia a Somatan. This is now said to embrace 40.000 citizens who are banded together to fight the sort of domination the Syndicate stands for."-F. A. Vanderlip, What happened to Europe, pp. 71-76.-See also SPAIN: 1909. 1909.-Revolutionary outbreak.-Hostility to war in Morocco.-Execution of Ferrer. See SPAIN: 1909. 1912. Prices and cost of living. See SPAIN: 1912. 1915-1919.-Attitude of radicals in Barcelona towards World War.-Demand for home rule. -Barcelona has been and continues to be the hot-bed of radicalism and unrest in Spain. "Early in August [1915] a meeting of Radicals was held at Barcelona to protest against the limitation of public meetings. One of the speakers demanded intervention in favour of the Allies; whereupon the Government delegate immediately suspended the meeting; revolver shots were fired and several persons injured. As the year went on the cleavage of opinion between the Ultra-Montanes and the Interventionist Radicals became still more pronounced."-Annual Register, 1915, p. 271.-See also SPAIN: 1914-1918; 1919-1920.-"The most important question before the country at the beginning of January [1919] was the demand of Catalonia to be granted a large measure of Home BARCELONA Rule. This desire for autonomy was expressed by nearly all the Catalonian Deputies, irrespective of their opinions upon other matters. . . . On January 24 the Catalonian Mancomunidad, or Union, met in Barcelona and formally drew up its scheme for the wisest measure of Home Rule. This Mancomunidad was a voluntary representative body able to speak in the name of the whole Province of Catalonia. . . . At the same time a plebiscite was taken of all the municipalities in Catalonia, and it was stated that of more than a thousand replies which were received all except four were in complete agreement with the ambitious measure drawn up by the Mancomunidad." -Annual Register, 1919, p. 245. 1919.-General confederation of labor. See LABOR ORGANIZATION: 1919: Organized labor in Spain. 1921.-Activities of Sindicato Unico.Stringent repression by Governor Anido.Assassination of Premier Dato by member of Sindicato Unico. See SPAIN: 1921. BARCELONA, Treaty of. See ITALY: 1527 BARCLAY, Robert H. (d. 1837), Scottish naval officer in Battle of Lake Erie. See U.S. A.: 1812-1813: Harrison's northwestern campaign. BARCLAY DE TOLLY, Michael Andreas (1761-1818), also known as Michael, Prince Bogdanovich, Russian field marshal. Of Scottish descent, this general took a prominent part in the Napoleonic campaigns, being in large measure successful; Russian commander in several important victories of the Russian and allied arms, including Leipzig (1813). BARDI. See MONEY AND BANKING: Medieval: 12th-14th centuries. BARDS, Celtic. See MUSIC: Folk music and nationalism: Celtic: England, Ireland and Wales. BARDULIA, ancient district in Spain. SPAIN: 1026-1230. See BARÉ, Indian tribe. See GUCK OR COCO Group. BAREBONES, Praise-God. See BARBON. BAREBONES PARLIAMENT, The. See ENGLAND: 1653 (June-December). ex BARENTS, Willem (d. 1597), Dutch plorer of the Arctic. See ARCTIC EXPLORATION: Chronology: 1594-1595; 1596-1597; SPITSBERGEN: 1596-1829. BARÈRE DE VIEUZAC, Bertrand (17551841), famous French revolutionist statesman. Deputy to States-general, 1789, distinguishing himself in the National assembly whose actions he reported in a journal, Le point du jour. He delivered the funeral oration of Mirabeau. Deputy to the Constitutional convention, he was made its president and presided at the trial of Louis XVI, voting for death. Member of the Committee of Public Safety 1793-1795 and its reporter to the convention. [See FRANCE: 1793 (March-June); (September-December); 1794 (June-July): French victory at Fleurus; 1794-1795 (July-April).] Became a secret agent of Napoleon. Banished for life in 1815, he returned to France in 1830 and received a pension from Louis Philippe. BARGE CANAL ALSO IN: Mémoires de B. Barère. BARGE CANAL, New York State.-"In 1903, almost ninety years from the date of the beginning of Clinton's canal, the people of the State decided to again enlarge the canal and make it a Barge canal. The Barge canal consists of four branches: the Erie, running across the State from Waterford on the Hudson river to Tonawanda, where the Niagara river is entered and followed to Lake Erie; the Champlain, running northward along the easterly boundary of the State from Waterford to Whitehall at the southern end of Lake Champlain; the Oswego, branching from the Erie canal north of Syracuse and running northward to Oswego on Lake Ontario; and the Cayuga-Seneca canal, leaving the Erie west of the Oswego junction and running southward, connecting with the two large lakes from which it takes its name. The enlargement of this last canal was not decided upon until 1909. The Barge canal is one of the world's greatest feats of engineering. It is about ten times as long as the Panama canal and has many more engineering works and some of the most notable locks in the world. The old canals followed what is called a 'land line' which means an artificial channel constructed by means of excavations and embankments, avoiding the natural streams and lakes wherever possible so as to be above danger of flood. The new system, on the other hand, makes use of all these rivers and lakes, whenever practical; it makes them into a canal ('canalizes them') by the building of dams, locks, and other engineering works and obtains what is known as 'slack water navigation.' In fact, less than thirty per cent. of the Barge canal is built in 'land line.' There will be 446 miles of Barge canals, the Erie being 339 miles long, the Champlain 61, the Oswego 23, and the Cayuga-Seneca 23 miles long. The dimensions of the Barge canal vary according to the locality, but at all places it will be at least 12 feet deep. It is 125 feet wide in earth sections of the land line, 94 feet wide in rock cuts, and has a width of at least 200 feet in the beds of rivers and lakes through which it runs. . . All the locks (there are 57 in the Barge canal) are built of concrete and operated by electricity. They are filled with water and emptied by means of culverts, one in each of the side walls, opening into the lock chamber through 20 ports or openings located just above the lock floor. The lock gates are massive steel doors swinging on steel pivots. Some of these lock gates weigh more than 200,000 pounds each and are of the so-called 'mitre gate' type. A pair of gates may be opened or closed in about 30 seconds. Their operation, as well as the operation of the valves which control the flow of water in the feed culverts, the operation of the power capstans, the buffer beams and all other lock machinery is controlled by a series of small switches collected together in a small controller box located on one of the lock walls. The Barge canal locks are 328 feet long and 45 feet wide. They will lift at one time from one water level to another six such boats as are at present in use on the canals. The most wonderful of these locks are the five at Waterford, near Troy, which have a combined lift of 169 feet, the greatest series of high lift locks in the world. These locks cost about one-quarter of a million dollars each. The lock at Little Falls has a lift of 40% feet; this is remarkable because it has a greater lift than any lock on the Panama canal. The siphon lock at Oswego has a lift of 25 feet, is the first lock of this type to be built in the United States and the largest of its type in the world. Other notable structures connected with the Barge canal are: (1) The movable dams. These dams, unique in this country, retain the waters of the Mohawk river and look like immense truss bridges, heavy steel gates being raised and lowered to govern the depth of water in the canalized river bed. (2) The big dams at Delta and Hinckley. These have created two lakes of about 5 square miles each, and store up water that is to be let into the canal channel during the dry summer months so that the depth of 12 feet can be maintained. (3) The massive steel guard gates which protect the various locks and other works. (4) The curved fixed dam at Crescent which is located just above the Waterford locks. (5) The 300 new bridges which carry the railroads and the highways across the Barge canal. (6) The automatic spillways which help to maintain the water levels in the canal. (7) The 50-foot Taintor gates, the largest in the world. (8) The power houses where electrical power is created for operating the canal structures. In the construction of the Barge canal a greater variety of machinery has been used than ever before used on any engineering undertaking; this machinery represents a cost of about $10,000,000. This great inland canal will cost $150,000,000 and is being paid for by the people of New York State without any aid from the United States government. There will be no towpaths on the new canal so that the big barges which will be used must be run by mechanical means. The State is also building Barge canal terminals at all the cities and important towns along the different channels. These will be provided with machinery to load and unload barges. It is quite certain that the Barge canal will serve to attract once more the inland shipping that once passed through the old canals and did so much toward making New York the Empire State, and New York city the greatest metropolis in the American Union. De Witt Clinton's dream will have become a reality."-F. M. Williams, Story of New York State canals, pp. 5-11. -See also NEW YORK: 1899-1909. List of prominent facts connected with the Barge canal.-"(A) First canal locks at Little Falls in 1796. "(B) 'Clinton's Big Ditch,' began 1817, completed 1825. "(C) What the Barge canal (1903) consists of: (1) Erie-across State from Waterford on Hud son to Tonawanda; (2) Champlain-north along east boundary from Waterford to Whitehall; (3) Oswego-branching from Erie north of Syracuse and running north to Oswego; (4) CayugaSeneca-leaving Erie west of Oswego canal and running south connecting with Lakes Cayuga and Seneca. "(D) Length of canals: (1) Erie-339 miles; (2) Champlain-61 miles; (3) Oswego-23 miles; (4) Cayuga-Seneca-23 miles; (5) Total-446 miles. "(E) Four hundred miles now complete. "(F) Minimum depth 12 feet. "(G) Width: (1) 125 feet in earth sections; (2) 94 feet in rock cuts; (3) 200 feet in rivers and lakes. "(H) Number of locks-57. "(I) Construction and operation: (1) Built of concrete; (2) operated by electricity; (3) lock gates opened or closed in 30 seconds; (4) uniform length of locks 328 feet; (5) width of locks 45 feet; (6) lift of locks varies from 6 to 40% feet. "(J) Notable locks: (1) Five at Waterfordcombined lift of 169 feet; (2) one at Little Falls -lift of 402 feet; (4) one at Oswego-lift of 25 feet: (a) siphon lock; (b) first in United Stateslargest in world. "(K) Notable features: (1) Movable dams; (2) dams at Delta and Hinckley; (3) massive steel guard gates; (4) curved fixed dam at Crescent; (5) three hundred railroad and highway bridges; (6) automatic spillways; (7) fifty-foot Taintor gates; (8) power houses. "(L) Total cost, 150 million dollars. "(M) Total cost of machinery used in construction, 10 million dollars."-Ibid., pp. 11-13. Definitions connected with the Barge Canal. "Slack water navigation. Navigation in a pool of water created by a dam. "Earth sections. That part of a land line where the soil is chiefly earth, and little rock is encountered. "Tons capacity. The maximum number of tons which a boat can carry. "Feed culverts. The hollow spaces or tunnels within the lock walls through which the water for filling or 'feeding' the locks and for emptying them is carried. "Mitre gate type. A pair of gates which, when BARI closed, form a definite angle at the point of junction, "Power capstans. A cleated cylinder revolving around a spindle, built on the lock walls, and operated by electricity. A rope fastened to a barge can be thrown around the capstan, and the barge can thus be towed into a lock. "Buffer beams. A steel beam resting in a pocket in one of the approach walls to a lock, and swinging on a pivot to meet the other approach wall in front of the lock gates. Buffer beams serve as protection to the lock gates. "Controller box. A steel box standing on a lock wall containing the switches which, when operated, open and close the lock gates and the valves in the 'feed' culverts. "Lockage. The passage of a boat or boats through a lock. The raising or lowering of a boat or boats from one water level to another water level, by means of a lock. "Siphon lock. A lock which can be filled and emptied by means of a series of pipes and without the aid of any mechanical means. "Movable dams. Dams which can be raised or lowered so as to keep the water in canalized streams at the depth which is necessary for navigation. "Truss bridge. A bridge supported by a truss. A truss is a structure whose members are collected in the form of a series of triangles so that it cannot be weakened unless the length of one of its members is changed. "Guard gates. Steel gates built across the canal channel, usually at the head of a series of locks, so that in case of accident to one of the locks, the gate can be lowered and the water supply shut off."-Ibid., p. 13. BARI, seaport of Apulia, Italy. In 852 it became a stronghold of the Saracens, who were driven out in 871 by the Greeks. See also ITALY (Southern): 800-1016. BARIATINSKI, Alexander Ivanovich, Prince (1814-1879), Russian field-marshal. Participated in the Caucasian and Crimean wars; distinguished himself by the capture of Shamyl in 1859; retired in 1862. BARILLAS, Manuel Lisandro (1840-1907), President of Guatemala. See GUATEMALA: 18851898. BARING, a family of English financiers and bankers. See CAPITALISM: 18th-19th centuries. BARKER, W. S., director of Salvation Army work with the A.E.F. in France. See SALVATION ARMY: 1917-1918. BARKIAROK, Seljuk Turkish Sultan, 1092 1104. BARKLA, C. G. See NOBEL PRIZES: Physics 1917. BARMECIDES For tained their position in the state. The first Moslem of the Barmecide race was a Magian priest who surrendered to Qotaiba, when the latter invaded the province of Balkh. His son, Khaled-ibnBarmek, had been one of Abu Muslim's supporters during the first years of the revolution which overthrew the House of Omayya; his services in Khorasan ingratiated him in the favours of the first Abbasid Caliph. [See CALIPHATE: 715-750.] Thenceforward Ibn Barmek and his descendants took care to remain in close proximity to the person of the Commander of the Faithful, insensibly moulding the Imperial policy on matters of finance, foreign affairs, or internal administration. . Harun could have had no other choice than to repose confidence in the Barmecide family. three generations they had been the subservient slaves, the disinterested advisers, and the principal supporters of his house. During that time they had probed every channel of administration, gathered up every detail of foreign and domestic policy into their hands, had learned the whole financial gamut of the provinces, and acquainted themselves with the records, characters and capacities of the leading public men. . . . At the time of Harun's accession, the chief representatives of the Barmecide family were Yahyah and his sons Fadl, Ja'afar, Musa and Mohammed. The young Caliph decided to accept them all as his ministers and servants. Yahyah, his tutor, he made his chief wazir; to Fadl, his milk-brother, he gave the commissionership of the Eastern Empire, to Ja'afar the West; to Musa and Mohammed, posts in his privy council. During their tenure of office the Barmecides exerted their combined abilities in developing and enriching the Empire of their masters; from a material point of view nothing could have been more successful. In the eastern and western provinces order was restored, justice was formally administered, roads were repaired, caravanserais were built, trackless deserts were made passable for trade by means of wells and cisterns, the armies were more carefully disciplined, taxes were imposed with science and care, and a regular fleet was established on the Mediterranean. Combined with these schemes, developing the financial resources of the Empire, the Barmecides fostered a benevolent policy of tolerance towards the non-Moslems. Christians and Jews were encouraged to make use of their capacities as public servants, to build churches and synagogues, and to celebrate their feasts and religious services in public without fear of shame, while bishops and rabbis were received at court as honoured guests. Besides inspiring the Christians and Jews with a sense of gratitude and loyalty towards the state, the Barmecides conceived an even bolder project of endeavouring to bring about a truce between the followers of Ali and the Sunnis: certain potential leaders of the Alid party were persuaded to surrender, and an era of tolerance was inaugurated.... During this period the Barmecides themselves reaped something of the fruits which they had husbanded for their patron. Their audience halls were thronged with clients and suppliants; for their entertainment, philosophers and divines contended in subtle arguments and disputes; in their honour, the greatest poets polished and repolished the most delicious epigrams and flattering couplets; while the proudest Emirs humbled themselves before them in hopes of favour and promotion. . . . So slowly and so gradually had the canker of disunion introduced itself between the Commander of the Faithful and his ministers, that neither suspected the other of harbouring hostile intentions, both refrained from precipitating BARLEUX, a village three miles southwest of Peronne, northeastern France. Was held by the Germans during the first half of the World War; taken in 1916 by the French in the battle of the Somme; captured in March, 1918, by the Germans; retaken by the Allies in the final campaign. -See also WORLD WAR: 1918: II. Western front: d. BARLOW, Peter (1776-1862), an English mathematician and physicist. See ELECTRICAL DISCOVERY: Telegraphy and telephony: Telegraph: 1753-1874. BARMECIDES, or Barmekides. "The Barmecides were the members of one of those powerful Persian families who, during the days of the first Arabian invasions, had abjured their religion, forsworn their loyalty to their king, boldly adopted the language and creed of their conquerors, and by their wealth and intelligence re |