1923-1924, the sum of $8,210,311. Respectfully submitted, THE COMMITTEE ON SURVEY.'

"Upon presentation to the Convention, Recommendation 16 was referred back to the Committee with the request for an estimate of the total amount to be raised within five years. The Committee later submitted the following substitute for Recommendation 16: (16) That in the light of the facts presented in this Survey and of our desire to do a work for the Kingdom that is commensurate with our resources, we declare our determination to raise before April 1, 1924, for all our benevolence, including city, state, national and foreign work, the sum of $100,000,000.'"-Survey of the fields and work of the Northern Baptist Convention, January 15, 1920, pp. 150-151.

of

1920.-European missions.-Distribution responsibility.-Under the auspices of the Executive Committee of the Baptist World Alliance a conference was held in London in July, 1920, attended by representatives of the principal Baptist bodies in the United States and Canada, Great Britain and Ireland, and nearly all the European countries except Portugal, Bulgaria and Russia. "At this conference Baptists representing practically all the belligerent countries came together for the first time after the war, to renew their fellowship. . . . From the standpoint of missionary work, the most important action taken in the conference was the distribution of responsibility for lending assistance to Baptist bodies in various parts of Europe in the conduct of their work. This distribution of responsibility was approved as follows: Portugal: To Brazil. The Southern Baptist Convention to be asked to consider this work favorably. Spain: To the Southern Baptist Convention. France, including Belgium and French-speaking Switzerland: To the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society; the Breton work to the British Baptist Missionary Society. Italy: To be decided by conference between the Baptist Union of Italy, the Southern Baptist Convention, and the British Baptist Missionary Society. Jugo-Slavia: To the Southern Baptist Convention. Hungary, Roumania, the Ukraine, and the portions of Russia eastward thereof: To the Southern Baptist Convention. Bulgaria and German Austria: To the German Baptist Union, and the German-speaking Baptists of America. Czecho-Slovakia: Co-operative work by the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, Great Britain, and such others as are willing. was left an open question whether the Southern Baptist Convention shall join in a theological seminary at Prague for Slav students. Poland: To the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society and the German-speaking Baptists in America. The importance of one Union to be emphasized. Finland: To Sweden and Great Britain. Norway: To the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. Latvia, Lithuania, Esthonia, and Northern Russia: To Great Britain, Canada, and the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. Denmark: To the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. Holland: To Great Britain and Australia. . . . One of the most significant actions of the Conference was the election of Rev. J. H. Rushbrooke, D.D., of London, as Baptist Commissioner for Europe. He will give all of his time to the discharge of duties connected with his office."-American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, Report, 1921, pp. 15-17.

It

1922.-Northern Baptist Convention at Indianapolis. For the first time in its history the convention, which opened on June 14, was preIsided over by a woman, Mrs. Helen Barrett Montgomery, a minister of the church and president of

BAPTISTS

the Woman's Foreign Mission Society. In the course of the sessions resolutions were offered on the abolition of war, Armenia, Near East Relief, Europe Relief, obedience to law, industrial relation tha 4 labor, racial justice, denominational schools, Bible in the life of the people, the Baptist Work Alliance, evangelistic advance, and missionary enterprise. In the resolutions, war is declared to be barbarous, futile and contrary to every Christian ideal and teaching as a method of settling international disputes. "We reaffirm our belief that our country should have its part in an association of nations for expressing our common humanity, adjusting difficulties, and outlawing any nation that resorts to arms to further its own interests." The United States government was petitione' to participate in the World Court of Justice, "and to take whatever other steps may be necessary to secure such co-operation on the part of the peoples of the earth as will bring about a stablizing of world conditions and permanently banish war." Solemn protest was made "against the ruthless starvation and massacre of the first nation to accept the Christian faith. 'We hereby petition our government immediately to adopt measures to secure united action on the part of the United States and European governments looking to the deliverance and security of imperiled Christian peoples in the Near East.' (A committee was appointed, as recommended, to convey these resolutions in person to the President and Secretary of State)." A commission on international peace and good will was also appointed.-Based on Missions (Convention Number), July, 1922.

1922. Southern Baptist Convention at Jacksonville, Florida.-Report on Northern and Southern conference.-The sixty-seventh annual meeting was held during May in the "Billy" Sunday Tabernacle, and was attended by some four thousand Baptists, under the presidency of Dr. E. Y. Mullins. A report was presented by a committee of about thirty men and women from the Northern and Southern Conventions who had held a three days' conference during January on matters of mutual interest. The report read as follows: "Your committee to which was referred the resolutions from the conference of brethren of Columbia, Missouri, begs leave to submit its report to the Convention. Two requests were subImitted through the executive committee to the Southern Baptist Convention from this conference. First, that the Southern Baptist Convention appoint a committee of nine to act with a similar committee of the Northern Baptist Convention as a standing joint committee of comity and cooperation, which should be known as a joint committee of conference for matters of particular co-operation. Second, another committee of nine to form with a similar committee of the Northern Baptist Convention a joint committee which 'should be charged with the duty of preparing a statement of faith and polity briefly and embodying the basis of fundamental principles and beliefs of Baptists.' Your committee, after full discussion, presents the following report: First, that the present relations between the two conventions of American Baptists are wholly fraternal and sympathetic, and there exists no barrier to particular agreements between the accredited agencies of the two conventions in matters of particular co-operation. Therefore we do not recommend the appointment of a standing committee as requested. Second, that the Southern Baptist Convention does not desire to take the initiative in the matter of formulating a general doctrinal statement for American Baptists, inasmuch as there exists at

BAQUEDANO

this time on the part of the Southern Baptists neither demand nor necessity for any new statements of Baptist faith and polity."-WatchmanExaminer, June 1, 1922.

'es'

Recent statistics.-The Baptist denominised. is composed of three main groups: The ethern Convention, the Southern Conventic and the National Convention (Colored). According to the 1921 report there were 59,744 churches, 42,088 ordained ministers, and a total membership of 7.943-331. The Northern Convention embraced 8.400 churches, 8,566 ordained ministers, and a membership roll of 1,253,878; besides 7,162 Sunday schools with an attendance of 984,011. The Southern Convention was composed of 29,551 churches, 15,551 ordained ministers, and 3,434,246 members; also 19,267 Sunday schools with 1,872,457 scholars. The National Convention. (Colored) return for the same year showed a total of 20,846 churches, 17,103 ministers, 3,116,325 members, and 17476 Sunday schools attended by 947,116 pupils. For Canada the figures were: 1302 churches, 868 misters, 138,882 members, 1200 Sunday schools and 109,834 scholars.

ALSO IN: J. C. Carlile, Story of the English Baptists.-H. C. Vedder, Short history of the Baptists.-A. H. Newman, History of the Baptist churches in the United States.

BAQUEDANO, Manuel (b. 1826), Chilean general; assumed command of the invasion against Peru (1880) which resulted in the defeat of the Peruvian forces, and the annexation by Chile of the Tacna nitrate regions. Was made generalissimo in the Chilean army.

BAR, an ancient territory in eastern France, the capital of which was Bar-le-Duc. It was a county and later a duchy, was united with the duchy of Lorraine in 1473, was annexed by France in 1659, and was restored to Lorraine in 1661. See FRANCE: 1659-1661, and 1733-1735.

BAR, Confederation of.-A union of Polish noblemen and other patriots formed at Bar (Poland) in 1768. "On February 29, 1768, two score or so of country gentlemen, some hundreds of peasants, and a few priests and monks, assembled at the little fort of Bar [Poland] under the banner of the Blessed Virgin, formed a Confederation to protest against the anti-Catholic resolutions of the lately dissolved Diet. Without any influence or organisation, the Confederation of Bar appeared, at first sight, insignificant enough. It owed its real importance to the fact that it was a genuine popular rising inspired by a patriotism and a devotion utterly unknown to the official classes of Poland. Its consequences were momentous and far-reaching. The original Confederates were, indeed, easily scattered by the Russian troops; but, stamped out in one place, the conflagration quickly burst forth again in half a dozen other places, and, at last, the whole Republic was, as Repnin put it 'ablaze with the fire of Bar.'"-R. N. Bain, Last king of Poland and his contemporaries, p. 106.-The confederation was dissolved in 1772, though remnants of it lingered until 1776. "The Confederation of Polish patriots at Bar had failed in its object. Its Turkish allies, crushed by land at Choczim (1768-9) and by sea at Tchesmé (1770), were no longer capable of rendering assistance, while the fall of Choiseul extinguished all hope of aid from France. Choiseul's plan for the salvation of Poland had but hastened the disaster. Frederick II had seized the moment when Russia was absorbed in struggles with Turkey, of occupying Prussian Poland. An agreement with Emperor Joseph II at Neisse (in Silesia), Aug. 25, 1769, had the re

BARATHRUM

sult of overawing Russia. Already in February of that year Frederick had thrown out hints to Russia of a partition. This dismemberment was upon the Poles at the point of the bayonet, while the acts consecrating it were signed between the three contracting parties at St. Petersburg, July 25, 1772."-E. Reich, Select documents illustrating mediaval and modern history, p. 651.-See also POLAND: 1763-1790.

BARADAEUS, James, or Jacob (c. 500-578), leader of Jacobite Church. See CHRISTIANITY: 100-300: Syrian churches; JACOBITE CHURCH.

BARAKLI DZUMA, village in Bulgaria captured by the British in 1916. See WORLD WAR: 1917: V. Balkan theater: e, 1.

DARALONG AFFAIR.-The British decoy ship Baralong is alleged to have sunk a German submarine while the latter was in the act of sinking the British cargo steamer Nicosian, on August 19, 1915, and to have shot the commander and crew after they had offered to surrender and were struggling in the water. Affidavits to prove this allegation were presented to the British government by the German government through the United States as intermediary, and the demand made that the British government proceed against the captain and crew of the Baralong for murder. The British government in answer proposed that the affair be investigated by an impartial tribunal of American naval officers, along with three other incidents. in one of which a German destroyer was alleged, on the day of the Baralong affair, to have fired upon a British submarine stranded on the Danish coast, and upon its crew when they attempted to swim ashore. The German government declined the proposal. The incident occurred in the approach to St. George's Channel, and had the effect of keeping submarines away from those waters for six months.

BARANGAYS, groups of fifty or a hundred families in the ancient communal form of government established by the Spanish in the Philippines. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Previous to 1525.

BARANOF, Alexander Andrevich (17461819), first governor of Russian America. In 1796 he founded a settlement on Bering strait; in 1799 started a trading post on the large island which bears his name, on which Sitka is situated (see also ALASKA: 1787-1867); extended his operations to the vicinity of San Francisco, near which locality he had a temporary colony.

BARANOVICHI, a railroad junction near the Pripet marshes midway between Vilna and Pinsk. During the World War General Ewarts was forced to give up this strategic junction to the Germans in the fall of 1015 following the capture of Kovno and Grodno. The surrender of Baranovichi gave the German army control of the railroad line from Vilna, through the junction, to Rovna, a distance of almost 300 miles. The Russians recaptured this important railroad center in the summer of 1916 at the outset of their offensive. See also WORLD WAR: 1915: III. Eastern front: i, 6.

BÁRÁNY, Robert, otologist of Vienna, noted for discovery of hearing tests. See NOBEL PRIZES: Medicine: 1914.

BARAS, tribal district of Madagascar. MADAGASCAR.

See

BARATHRU M.-"The barathrum, or 'pit of punishment' at Athens, was a deep hole like a well into which criminals were precipitated. Iron hooks were inserted in the sides, which tore the body in pieces as it fell. It corresponded to the Ceadas of the Lacedæmonians."-G. Rawlinson, History of Herodotus, bk. 7, sect. 133, note.

BARATIERI

The

BARATIERI, Oreste (1841-1901), Italian general, commander in Africa. See ITALY: 1895-1896. BARBADOS, easternmost island of the British West Indies. Its area is 166 square miles. coast is surrounded by coral reefs. Sugar cane is the chief product of the island; cotton, tobacco and coffee are also raised. In 1921 its estimated population was 200,368.-See also BRITISH EMPIRE: Extent.

Government.-"The constitution of Barbados was first granted by King Charles I, in 1627, and confirmed by the Commonwealth in the Articles of Agreement for the surrender of the island which have been called the Charter of Barbados. The government consists of a nominated legislative council of nine members, and a house of assembly consisting of twenty-four members elected annually by the people on the basis of a moderate franchise. At general elections to the latter body there is frequently no contest, a fact which speaks volumes for the contented state of the inhabitants, who prefer to devote their time to the development of the island rather than to political strife, an example which might with advantage be followed elsewhere. Next to the house of commons and the house of assembly in Bermuda, the Barbados house of assembly is the most ancient legislative body in British oversea dominions. The executive functions of the government are performed by an executive council which consists of the governor, the colonial secretary, and the attorney general ex officio, and such other persons as may be nominated by the King, and of an executive committee which consists of the members of the executive council, one member of the legislative council, and four members of the house of assembly nominated by the governor. This executive committee introduces all money votes and government measures and prepares the estimates." -A. E. Aspinall, ed. (Oxford survey of the British empire, v. on America, p. 334.)

1605-1685.-"There is no doubt that in the sixteenth century the island was visited by the Spaniards and Portuguese. Some time in July, 1605, the Olive Blossom... happened to touch at Barbados off the western coast, and the captain . . . finding the island unoccupied by any European nation, took possession of it in the name of James I. . . . In 1624 a ship (belonging to Sir William Courteen, a wealthy London merchant of Dutch lineage) was forced, from stress of weather, to anchor in a bay on the southern coast of Barbados. . . . The sailors took home to Sir William favourable accounts of the island, and his Dutch correspondents having also written favourably of it, he resolved to colonise the place; and, under the patronage of Ley, Earl of Marlborough, Courteen's scheme of colonisation was carried out. . . . In February, 1627 (new style) the William and John, a vessel of 100 tons, fitted out by Sir William Courteen, commanded by Captain Henry Powell, and having on board forty white emigrants (men) and eight negroes, anchored at 'The Hole.' . . . The settlers erected a fort, named it 'Plantation Fort,' hoisted the English flag, and elected Captain William Deane as Governor.. In 1628 seventy settlers, under the leadership of Charles Wolferstone, a Bermudian, arrived at the island and anchored off the south-western coast in a bay now called 'Carlisle Bay,' St. Michael's. Here they landed, erected houses, fortified the place, and, finding a rude Indian bridge over a stream, called their settlement 'The Bridge' (now Bridgetown [the capital of the colony ]). . . . In 1645 a considerable number of Royalists settled in the colony after the defeat of the King at Naseby.

BARBADOS

The majority of the colonists, while loyal to the Throne, were, however, men of moderate views. Dissensions arose with the advent of these ultraRoyalists.. On receiving the news of the execution of Charles I. the Royalists proclaimed Charles I., and declared the Book of Common Prayer to be the only pattern of true worship. Governor Bell was set aside and Francis Lord Willoughby of Parham (who had fought against the King and was now fighting against the Parliament) was appointed in his stead; and the adherents of the Parliament were heavily fined and banished. . . . On October 3, 1650, Parliament ordered that a strong fleet should be despatched for reducing to submission the island of Barbados and all other English plantations that should persist in opposition to the Commonwealth, and Cromwell, in consequence, despatched a fleet of seven ships, mounting 236 guns, for this 'Barbados business' under Admiral Sir George Ayscue. . . . On January 11, 1652, the Royalists surrendered on the most honourable terms, and the 'Articles of Agreement' for the rendition of the island were confirmed by the Commonwealth on August 18, 1652. These 'Articles' are justly considered 'The Charter of Barbados.' As soon as the Commonwealth became possessed of the island the leading Royalists were expelled. On the death of Cromwell the Committee of Public Safety appointed Colonel Modiford as Governor. Charles II. bestowed a few baronetcies and knighthoods on Barbadians for their loyalty, but they got little else out of him. He confirmed the Navigation Act of Cromwell which ruined the trade of the island with the Dutch, and he added to its burdens by granting of monopolies, the chief of these being possessed by the 'Royal African Company,' at the head of which was his brother, afterwards James II.; this was a company for the supply of negro slaves."-E. G. Sinckler, Barbados handbook, pp. 4-10.

...

1663-1690.-Emigration of settlers to North Carolina. See NORTH CAROLINA: 1639-1663; 16631670.

1672-1680.-Trade with South Carolina.Colonization. See SOUTH CAROLINA: 1670-1783;

1680.

1685-1885.-"In the year 1685 King James the Second came to the British throne. He had already worked ill to Barbados as the head of the Royal African Company, and his accession was accompanied by further taxes on sugar, and by an importation of political prisoners, partisans of Monmouth and victims of the Bloody Assize. War with France followed the Revolution of 1688, which sent the Stuarts over the water to the care of Louis the Fourteenth, and, in the following year, Barbadian troops were mainly instrumental in recovering St. Kitts from the French. . . . In 1700 Labat, who visited Barbados, found it given up to sugar planting, rich, flourishing, and better peopled than any other of the British West Indian colonies; the number of slaves was given to him at 60,000, but he placed it himself at the lower figure of 40,000, and he noticed the danger to the public peace from the Irish element in the community. By the middle of the eighteenth century, in 1757, the number of negroes was returned at nearly 64,000, while the white population was under 17,000. The islanders however were vigorous as ever, for in 1762 they raised a regiment for the expedition which took Martinique, and thus contributed to the British successes which led up to the peace of Paris in the following year. The Stamp Act, which helped to bring about the revolt of the North American

BARBADOS

colonies, pressed for a while on Barbados also; and the Barbadians felt the ill effects of the policy embodied in it, for the American War of Independence cut them off from their food supplies, and brought, according to the terms of their address to the king, a population of 12,000 whites and 80,000 blacks within reach of starvation. In 1780 the island was laid desolate by an awful hurricane, and representations of the misery thus caused, led to a grant from the Imperial Parliament of £80.000, to which was added a sum raised by private subscription in England. . . . The embargo placed by the Government of the United States on the trade of Great Britain and her colonies, with the war which followed in 1812, straitened the supplies of the island. At the same time the movement against slavery was gathering strength, and premature reports of emancipation led to a slave insurrection in 1816. In 1805 there were 15,000 white inhabitants to 60,000 slaves, and in 1834, the year of liberty, the number of slaves had risen to nearly 83,000, while the white population was slightly under 13,000. Again at a critical time the island was visited by a hurricane, the storm of the eleventh of August, 1831, being in the words of the Governor 'one of the most dreadful hurricanes ever experienced in the West Indies.' It laid waste the three islands of Barbados, St. Vincent and St. Lucia, and once more the Imperial Parliament voted a grant in aid of the sufferers, supplementing the gift by a loan and by a suspension of the duties levied on the provisions imported into the island. [With respect to] emancipation and free-trade, . . . the lot of Barbados did not materially differ from that of the rest of the West Indies.... The Barbadians faced their difficulties manfully and well, although no colony was more dependent on slave labour, and there was none whose fortunes were more bound up with the one product of sugar. In 1833 the Governor of Barbados was constituted also Governor of St. Vincent, Grenada and Tobago, St. Lucia being also included in 1838, and for a short time Trinidad as well. Barbados thus became again the seat of government for the Windward Islands; and the arrangement continued till the year 1885, when it was severed from the other members of the group, and left to be, what it has practically been throughout the history, a separate item in the community of the West Indies."-C. P. Lucas, Historical geography of the British colonies, pp. 188191. For conditions of sugar industry in Barbados, see WEST INDIES, BRITISH: 1897.

1898.-Destructive tornado.-During the night of September 10 a violent tornado swept the island, destroying 10,000 houses and damaging many hundreds more. Over one hundred lives were lost and three-fourths of the population were rendered homeless. This was the most serious storm which had visited the island since that of August 11, 1831. The home government made a grant of £40,000 to aid in repairing the devastation.

The sugar

1899-1900.-Reciprocity treaty with United States. A reciprocity treaty was concluded with the United States on June 16, providing for a twelve per cent. reduction on sugar. industry of Barbados was not in a thriving condition owing to the backward methods employed; Cuba and Porto Rico, on the other hand, proved formidable competitors, being backed by American capital and improved machinery.

1902-1904.-During 1902 and part of 1903 the island suffered from drought and an epidemic of smallpox. To relieve the economic depression the Imperial Exchequer made a grant of £80,000 to

BARBARIAN INVASIONS

assist the flagging sugar industry, while attempts were also made to revive the cotton industry.

1905.-Tercentenary of British occupation.On November 30 the tercentenary of the English occupation of the island was celebrated by services in the cathedral at Bridgetown and other official exercises. An address was dispatched to King Edward relating the historic events of three centuries and expressing the loyalty of the inhabitants during that period.

1905-1910.-Negro labor for Panama Canal.— Period of increased prosperity.-The construction of the Panama Canal by the United States proved to be an important benefit to the overpopulated island of Barbados. In 1905 some 17,000 negroes shipped to the Canal Zone to prepare for the cutting of the canal; of these about 12,000 went on contract service. During 1907 it was estimated that they were sending between £4,000 and £5,000 per month to their homes, besides bringing a considerable sum with them on the expiration of their contracts. During 1908 sporadic cases of yellow fever appeared on the island, a circumstance which interfered with the tourist traffic. By 1909 there were quite 20,000 Barbadian laborers employed in the Canal Zone, and in 1910 the island benefited to the extent of £80,000 from this source. ALSO IN: J. H. Stark, History and guide to Barbados.

BARBARA OF CILLI, wife of Sigismund, Roman emperor and king of Hungary. See HUNGARY: 1301-1442.

BARBARIAN INVASIONS: B. C. 390.-Invasion of Rome by the Gauls.-Destruction of the city. See ROME: Republic: B. C. 390-347.

B. C. 235.-Cisalpine Gaul overrun by the Gæsatæ. See CELTS: Early history.

B. C. 113.-Teutones and Cimbri.-"Hitherto, the barbarians of wild Europe whom the Romans had met were either the Aryan Celts, or the nonAryan, tribes found in northern Italy, Spain and Gaul. Now, for the first time, the armies of Rome were challenged by tribes of another grand division of the Aryan stock, coming out of the farther North. These were the Cimbri and the Teutones, wandering hordes of the great Teutonic or Germanic race which has occupied Western Europe north of the Rhine since the beginning of historic time. So far as we can know, these two were the first of the Germanic nations to migrate to the South. They came into collision with Rome in 113 B. C., when they were in Noricum, threatening the frontiers of her Italian dominion. Four years later they were in southern Gaul, where the Romans were now settling colonies and subduing the native Celts. Twice they had beaten the armies opposed to them; two years later they added a third to their victories; and in 105 B. C. they threw Rome into consternation by destroying two great armies on the Rhone. Italy seemed helpless against the invasion for which these terrible barbarians were now preparing, when Marius went against them. In the summer of 102 B. C. he annihilated the Teutones, near Aquæ Sextiæ (modern Aix), and in the following year he destroyed the invading Cimbri, on a bloody field [in Piedmont, northern Italy, near the modern Vercelli]."-J. N. Larned, from the article Europe, in former editions.

A. D. 3rd century.-Teutonic nations.-Gothic invasion of Balkan peninsula.-Mediterranean piracy. "The Germanic nations beyond the Rhine and the Danube had, by this time, improved their organization, and many of the tribes formerly separated and independent were now gathered into powerful confederations. The most formida

ble of these leagues in the West was that which acquired the common name of the Franks, or Freemen, and which was made up of the peoples occupying territory along the course of the Lower Rhine. Another of nearly equal power, dominating the German side of the Upper Rhine and the headwaters of the Danube, is believed to have absorbed the tribes which had been known in the previous century as Boii, Marcomanni, Quadi, and others. The general name it received was that of the Alemanni. The Alemanni were in intimate association with the Suevi, and little is known of the distinction that existed between the two. They had now begun to make incursions across the Rhine, but were driven back in 238. Farther to the East, on the Lower Danube, a still more dangerous horde was now threatening the flanks of the empire in its European domain. These were Goths, a people akin, without doubt, to the Swedes, Norsemen and Danes; but whence and when they made their way to the neighborhood of the Black sea is a question in dispute. It was in the reign of Caracalla that the Romans became first aware of their presence in the country since known as the Ukraine. A few years later, when Alexander Severus was on the throne, they began to make incursions into Dacia. During the reign of Philip the Arabian (244-249) they passed through Dacia, crossed the Danube, and invaded Mœsia (modern Bulgaria). In their next invasion (251) they passed the Balkans, defeated the Romans in two terrible battles, the last of which cost the reigning Emperor, Decius, his life, and destroyed the city of Philippopolis, with 100,ooo of its people. But when, a few years later, they attempted to take possession of even Thrace and Macedonia, they were crushingly defeated by the Emperor Claudius, whose successor Aurelian made peace by surrendering to them the whole province of Dacia (270), where they settled, giving the empire no disturbance for nearly a hundred years. Before this occurred, the Goths, having acquired the little kingdom of Bosporus (the modern Crimea) had begun to launch a piratical navy, which plundered the coast cities of Asia Minor and Greece, including Athens itself. On the Asiatic side of the [Roman] empire a new power, a revived and regenerated Persian monarchy, had risen out of the ruins of the Parthian kingdom, which it overthrew, and had begun without delay to contest the rule of Rome in the East." -Ibid.

BARBARIAN INVASIONS

Goths swept on to the very walls of Constantinople, which they could not surmount, and the whole open country, from the Black Sea to the Adriatic, was ravaged by them at will.

"In the meantime, the western division of the empire had passed, on the death of Valentinian, under the nominal rule of his two young sons, Gratian, aged sixteen, and Valentinian II, aged four. Gratian had made an attempt to bring help to his uncle Valens; but the latter fought his fatal battle while the boy emperor was on the way, and the latter, upon hearing of it, turned back. Then Gratian performed his one great act. He sought a colleague, and called to the throne the most promising young soldier of the day. This was Theodosius, whose father, Count Theodosius, the deliverer of Britain, had been put to death by Valens, on some jealous accusation, only three years before. The new emperor took the East for his realm, having Gratian and Valentinian II for colleagues in the West. He speedily checked the ravages of the Goths and restored the confidence of the Roman soldiers. Then he brought diplomacy to bear upon the dangerous situation and succeeded in arranging a peace with the Gothic chieftains, which enlisted them in the imperial service with forty thousand of their men. But they retained their distinctive organization, under their own chiefs, and were called "fœderati," or allies. This concession of a semi-independence to so great a body of armed barbarians in the heart of the empire was a fatal mistake, as was proved before many years."-Ibid.

395-408.-Decay of the Western empire.Stilicho and Alaric the Goth.-After the death of Theodosius in 395 and the subsequent division of the empire, evil days fell on the older Rome, "while the New Rome lived through them, and endured for a thousand years. No doubt the empire had weakened more on its elder side; had suffered more exhaustion of vital powers. It had little organic vitality now left in it. [Swarms of barbaric invaders were waiting and watching at its doors, and pressing upon it with increasing fierceness.] Population dwindled year by year. Recruiting from the body of citizens for the common needs of the army became more impossible. The state was fully dependent, at last, on barbaric mercenaries of one tribe for its defense against the barbaric invaders of another; and it was no longer able, as of old, to impress its savage servitors with awe of its majesty and its name. Stilicho [who was a Vandal by birth] for a time stoutly breasted the rising flood of disaster. He checked the Picts and Scots of Northern Britain, and the Alemanni and their allies on the frontiers of Gaul. But now there arose again the more dreadful barbarian host which had footing in the empire itself, and which Theodosius had taken into pay. The Visigoths elected a king (395), and were persuaded with ease to carve a kingdom for him out of the domain which seemed waiting to be snatched from one or both of the feeble monarchs [Arcadius and Honorius], who sat in mockery of state at Constantinople and Milan. Alaric, the new Gothic king, moved first against the capital on the Bosphorus; but Rufinus persuaded him to pass on into Greece, where he went pillaging and destroying for a year. Stilicho, the one defender of the empire, came over from Italy with an army to oppose him; but he was stopped on the eve of battle by orders from the Eastern court, which sent him back, as an officious meddler. This act of mischief and malice was the last that Rufinus could do. He was murdered, soon afterwards, and Arcadius, being free from his

4th century.-Goths in the empire.-Raid on Constantinople.-"The death of Valentinian [in 375] was the beginning of the fatal calamities. His brother, Valens, had none of his capability or his vigor, and was unequal to such a crisis as now occurred. The terrible nation of the Huns had entered Europe from the Asiastic steppes, and the Western Goths, or Visigoths, fled before them. These fugitives begged to be permitted to cross the Danube and settle on vacant lands in Mosia and Thrace. Valens consented, and the whole Visigothic nation, 200,000 warriors, with their women and children, passed the river (376). It is possible that they might, by fair treatment, have been converted into loyal citizens, and useful defenders of the land. But the corrupt officials of the court took advantage of their dependent state, and wrung extortionate prices from them for disgusting food, until they rose in desperation and wasted Thrace with fire and sword. Fresh bodies of Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths) and other barbarians came over to join them (378); the Roman armies were beaten in two great battles, and Valens, the emperor, was slain. The victorious