BALTIMORE

one of the country's leading seaports, ranking about fifth in value of exports and imports. This city is an important wholesale and distributing center, and has very good railway facilities. The leading industries are the manufacture of men's clothing, copper, tin and sheet iron products, tobacco manufactures, slaughtering and meat packing, foundry and machine shop products, printing and publishing, steam railroad repair shops, also canning and preserving, bread and other bakery products, confectionery, patent medicines and compounds, and druggists' preparations, lumber and timber products, women's clothes and malt and distilled liquors. The capital investment in manufactures in 1914 amounted to

BALTIMORE

boats. A two-story recreation pier at the foot of Broadway was completed early in 1914. The lower floor of this structure is used for commercial purposes; the upper section for a recreation center."Baltimore Book (1916), p. 29.

Baltimore is considered an educational center, with such leading institutions as Johns Hopkins University, the Goucher College of Baltimore, and a number of prominent medical and law schools. "The City also boasts of the Peabody Institute, which consists of an art gallery, a library and a conservatory of music which is recognized as one of the leading schools of music in the country; the Maryland Institute of Art and Design, the

$177,301,000, while the value of manufactured products for the same year was $215,172,000."Moody's Analyses of investments (1919) p. 264."Prior to the fire of 1904 the City owned little wharf property of importance. The fire made it possible to acquire all of the burned district fronting on the harbor. The City purchased the property, removed all buildings, streets, etc., and laid out a system of public wharves and docks along Pratt, President and Albemarle streets. The piers are situated in the upper harbor and are intended for the coastwise and bay trade. The transatlantic steamers, at present, find ample accommodations at the railroad piers in the lower harbor. Along Market Place the City has erected three handsome, commodious buildings, a fish market and wholesale markets, all within a stone's throw of Pier 4, which is set apart for the use of market

Deep Point, where the second wharf was built.

Skeleton of Sloop Dove, first vessel belonging to Baltimore.

26. Sloop Baltimore, the second vessel.

27.

Brig of Mr. N. Rogers, the first squarebuilt vessel, and the only one at the time.

28. Jones' Falls, as they appeared at that day, from the Federal Hill, whence Mr. Moale made his draft.

29.

30.

Calvert St. Wharf, 30 Philadelphia Road. Site of Battle Monument.

Walters Art Gallery, which is far-famed; the Enoch Pratt Free Library, with its multiplicity of branches; the Maryland University, with its various departments of learning, and a score of other institutions devoted to the culture and intellectual pursuits. Aside from these, there are the Baltimore public schools, with their several colleges."Ibid., p. 105.

1608-1797.-Settlement.-"To begin at the very beginning of direct historical information concerning Baltimore, one must go back to the year 1608. June 2nd, 1608, Captain John Smith... having settled Jamestown, started from the vicinity of Cape Henry, on the first of his two famous explorations of the Chesapeake Bay. During this expedition, which lasted nineteen days, he visited every inlet on both sides of the Bav, from the Capes to the Patapsco River (named by Smith,

BALTIMORE

Bolus), sailed up that stream, and from him we get the first information concerning the region, now Baltimore. Smith and his followers were, therefore, the first white men to set eyes on the present site of the City.... Following Captain Smith's explorations in this vicinity, there is a lapse of years before the thread of the narrative can be taken up by the historian. In the absence of proof to the contrary it must be assumed that Indians roamed over the site of Baltimore at will, or at least without interference from white men; for it was not until 1661 that history records the second step in the advance of civilization. In 1661 the first surveys were made, pursuant to land grants, and henceforth this section became the permanent habitation of white men. Tract after tract was taken up by settlers, and in 1706 Locust Point, then 'Whetstone Point,' was made a port of entry."-Baltimore Book (1916), pp. 143-145.-In August, 1729, an act of the provincial legislature formally laid out the town of Baltimore, named in honor of the Lords Baltimore, founders of the province of Maryland. Its commercial development was rapid after 1750. Baltimore was incorporated as a city in 1797.-See also MARYLAND: 1729-1730.

1812.-Rioting of the war party.-Mob and the Federalists. See U. S. A.: 1812 (JuneOctober).

1814.-British attempt against the city. See MARYLAND: 1812-1814; and see U. S. A.: 1814 (August-September).

1852.-Whig convention. See U. S. A.: 1852: Seventeenth presidential election.

1860.-Douglas

Democratic and Constitutional Union conventions. See U. S. A.: 1860 (April-November).

1861 (April).-City controlled by the Secessionists.-Attack on the Sixth Massachusetts regiment. See U. S. A.: 1861 (April): Activity of rebellion in Virginia and Maryland.

1861 (May).-Disloyalty put down. See U. S. A.: 1861 (April-May: Maryland).

1864.-Republican convention. See U. S. A.: 1864 (May-November).

1866.-National labor congress. ORGANIZATION: 1825-1875.

See LABOR

1871-1915.-Colored population.-Negro segregation ordinance.-"At the close of the eighteenth century the actual number of negroes in Maryland was larger than the number in any of the other states with the exception of Virginia and South Carolina, about one-third of its population being of African descent. At the close of the nineteenth century. . . the percentage of negroes was considerably greater than that in any other of the border States, about the same as that of Texas, and not very much less than that of Tennessee. Moreover, the negro population was very unevenly distributed. In five counties south of the Patapsco, where the negroes in 1860 had outnumbered the whites by about 13,000, the exodus of blacks to the cities had given the white in 1900 a small preponderance. In the Southern counties on the Eastern Shore the negroes in the same year constituted about one-third of the population. In Baltimore City the negro population had risen from 27,898 in 1860 to 79,258 in 1900. According to the figures of the Federal census of that year, the negro inhabitants of the city outnumbered those of any other city in the country with the exception of Washington, and as the area included in the Baltimore count was only thirty square miles, the number of negroes to the square mile in Baltimore was greater than in any other city in the United States, or, in fact, it is probable that no other

BALTIMORE

thirty square miles on the globe was inhabited by so large a negro population as that of Baltimore." -C. C. Hall, Baltimore, its history and its people, p. 326. Various provisions have been made for the segregation of the negroes. They have had to use separate schools, separate churches, and until 1871, separate coaches in railway cars. On September 25, 1913, was passed "an ordinance to prevent conflict and ill-feeling between the white and colored races in Baltimore City, and to preserve the public peace and promote the general welfare by making reasonable provisions requiring the use of separate blocks for residences by white and colored people, respectively."-Ordinances and resolutions of the Mayor and City Council, 191314, p. 117. This ordinance was further supplemented on November 8, 1913, by a provision that "no building or portion of a building in the City of Baltimore shall be used as a church or for the purpose of conducting religious services, or for a school, a dance hall or an assemblage hall, by white persons in a colored block or . . . by colored persons, in a white block."-Ordinances and resolutions of the Mayor and City Council, 19131914, PP. 143-144.-After the ordinance had been in effect for about a year, a test case was brought before the court of appeals of Maryland, in October, 1915, in which the city administration, representing the people of Baltimore, defended the ordinance against opposition which came both from white and colored people. A prominent part in the opposition was played by Senator Moses E. Clapp, of Minnesota.

1904. Great fire.-On February 7 and 8, 1904, "the heart of Baltimore was burned out, smoldering ashes and hideous debris stretched over 140 acres. . . . The loss, approximately $125,000,000, was a staggering blow."-Baltimore Book (1916), p. 11.-The fire burned thirty hours and destroyed about 2,600 buildings. But it aroused the spirit of progress and cleared the way for many civic improvements.

1912.-National Democratic convention. See U. S. A.: 1912: Woodrow Wilson and the election. 1914-1915.-Home rule.-The city of Baltimore obtained the right of home rule by an amendment to the Maryland constitution passed by the legislature in 1914, and voted upon for adoption at the general election in 1915.

1917.-Housing improvements.-New housing code.-Octavia Hill association.-A new housing code drafted in 1917 and submitted to the city council provides that dwelling places shall be built with ample cubic air space and light in each room and that water closets shall be within the houses instead of in the yards. The same year a committee on public health and housing was appointed by the mayor. Following its investigations, an Octavia Hill association, on the model of the Philadelphia association, was to be formed, but the plan had to be delayed on account of the war.

1918.-Increase in area.-City planning.Annexations effective June 1, 1918, doubled both the area and the water front of Baltimore. The topographical survey commission renewed city planning activities.

1919.-Sewage disposal.-Partly as a result of war-time economies, the city changed from reduction to hog feeding as a method of sewage disposal and let a contract which was expected to net the city $16,500 annually.

1920. Police department reorganized. "The Baltimore police department, according to a new law of Maryland, is henceforth to be under control of a single commissioner instead of a board of police. Moreover, the voters of the city are to

BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD

determine whether the police force is to continue under state control or is to be made responsible to the mayor."-E. D. Graper and H. J. Carman, Municipal affairs (Political Science Quarterly, Supplement, Sept., 1920).

ALSO IN: J. H. Hollander, Guide to the city of Baltimore; Financial history of Baltimore.-J. T. Scharf, Chronicles of Baltimore.

BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD: Its beginning and growth.-Plan for consolidation. See RAILROADS: 1826-1850; 1850-1860; Twenty rail systems proposed.

1921:

BALTIMORE INCIDENT. See CHILE: 18911892; U. S. A.: 1891: Trouble with Chile. BALTS, German inhabitants of Baltic provinces, also Lithuanians.

BALUCHISTAN, B. C. 325

Original and existing races, 1867-1918.

BALUCHISTAN, or Balochistan: Political divisions.-Area.-Population.-A county in Southern Central Asia, lying to the south of Afghanistan, and extending to the Persian Gulf. "Balochistan, in the modern acceptation of the term may be said, in a general sense, to include all that tract of country which has for its northern and north-eastern boundary the large kingdom of Afghanistan, its eastern frontier being 'limited by the British province of Sindh, and its western by the Persian State, while the Arabian Sea washes its southern base for a distance of nearly six hundred miles."-A. W. Hughes, Country of Balochistan, p. 2.-Much of Baluchistan is under British control. The territory "is politically divided into two main parts: (a) A strip of country on the north (53,821 square miles in extent), which since 1879 has been under direct British control, part of it by cession from Afghanistan after the second Afghan War (see Afghanistan (1869-1881) and part of it acquired by lease from the Khan of Kalat, the large native state to the south; and (b) a much larger area (78,034 square miles) included within the two native states of Kalat (71,590 square miles) and Las Bela (6,441 square miles), which front on the Arabian Sea. In area, the Khanate of Kalat represents over half of Baluchistan; nevertheless, in population and general importance the strictly British territory to the north is worthy of most consideration, and is the only part that shows any signal advancement. While the British government maintains political agents or residents at Kalat town, the capital of Kalat, and at Bela, the capital of Las Bela, their intervention in these States is confined mostly to occasional arbitration of intertribal disputes."-H. D. Baker, British India (Special consular reports, No. 72, p. 474).— "The British territory is administered from Quetta, the headquarters of the Province, by a Chief Commissioner, and the Agency territories and other portions of Baluchistan by the same officer as Agent to the Governor-General. . . . Baluchistan is of great strategic importance, commanding the numerous passes to the south of the great caravan route through the Gomal to Ghazni, Kabul, and Kandahar."-Hazell's annual and almanack, 1920. According to the British "India Office List" the population of British Baluchistan in 1911 was 414,412, and of the Baluchistan States 420,291.

Origin of the name.-Aboriginal races and tribes. "Professor Rawlinson derives the name of the 'Baloch' from Belus, king of Babylon, who is identified with Nimrod, the son of Cush, and says that 'the names of Belus and Cush, thus brought into juxtaposition have remained attached to some portion or other of the region in question from ancient times to the present day. The country East of Kirman was called Kusem throughout the Sassanian period. The same region is now Beloo

chistan, the country of the Beloochees or Belus, whilst adjoining it to the East is Cutch or Kooch.' With the name of Cush may be yoked 'Kech' (the capital of Makran), 'Kachi' (a province of Baloochistan) and 'Cashmere'; and, as the Sindhis call the Baloch, 'Baroc', 'Kach and Baroch' (Cutch and Broach of our maps) may be linked together. The country now called Balochistan was called by the Greeks 'Gedrosia' and was inhabited on the seacoast by the 'Ichthyophagi' (fish-eaters) and on the North-West by the Paricanii, Utii, Maki and other tribes. [According to Charles Masson, the Baluchis are divided into three great classes, the Brahuis (who are a different race from the true Baluchis), the Rinds, and the Lumris (or One of the tribes or clans now inhabiting it, viz., the Rind tribe (whose name signifies a 'turbulent, reckless, daring man')-which, it may be noted, has never acknowledged the authority of any ruler in the country, and each individual member of which professes to owe obedience to no one, so that the tribe has no recognised head-assert that they originally came from 'Alaf,' which is supposed by themselves to be Haleb or Aleppo in Syria. They say that they are Arabs of the tribe of Quraish and were forced to the number of 40,000 to emigrate from 'Alaf' by Yazid I, for having rendered assistance to Husain 'the martyr,' nephew of the prophet Muhammad, in A. H. 61. . . . These Rinds claim to be the true Baloch, and to one of their ancestors named Jalal Khan, or rather to one of his sons, whose names are made to suit the exigencies of each clan, the pedigree-makers of almost every clan in Makran, claiming to be respectable, are pretty certain to trace their clans' descent. Pottinger records the fact that, in his day the Brahuis (who are Dravidian Cushites) claimed descent from the earliest Muhammadan invaders of Persia, by whom the Rinds are doubtless intended. The Kalmatis of Kalmat (the Kalama of Arian and others) make a man named Kalmat their ancestor, a Rind, and one of the four sons of Jalal Khan. That some families in most of the Baloch clans, in nearly all, perhaps, are related by marriage to the Rinds is quite possible . . . but I doubt if very free intermarriage between many clans and them, has at any time been prevalent. Among the earliest mention of Makran and the Baloch with which I am acquainted are various passages in the Shah-nama of Firdusi (compiled about A.D. 1000 by command of King Mahmud of Ghazni, who is said to have ordered all available resources to be placed at the disposal of the author) in which it is stated that Kai Khusru (about B.C. 550) King of Persia passed through Makran and killed the king of the country."-E. Mockler, Origin of the Baloch (Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, v. 64, pt. 1, no. 1, pp. 30-31).

B.C. 325.-Traversed by Alexander.-"The early history of the country of Balochistan, before the march of Alexander the Great through its two southernmost provinces, Las and Makran, is involved in the greatest obscurity. . . . Arrian's account of the Macedonian monarch's march from India, through the country of the Oritæ and the Gedrosii, clearly shows the former to have comprised the present district of Kolwah, with the tract adjacent to it on the west in the Makran Province, and this has contributed in some degree to invest these poor and wretched places with no small interest and renown. Alexander is, by his historian, said to have left Pattala, in Sindh (presumed to be Tatta, on the Indus), some time either in the months of March or April [B.C. 325], and to have proceeded in the direction of Bela,

crossing in his route the lower ranges of the Brahuik mountains. Thence he marched in the direction of Jau, in Makran, forcing a very difficult pass some distance southeast of the ancient town of Gwajak, and here it was that the natives of the country had assembled in considerable numbers to oppose his progress. He is then supposed to have kept somewhat nearer the coast, traversing the present Kolwah district, where mention is made of the difficulty experienced in procuring water. The great conqueror's admiral, Nearchus, about the same time, under the direction of Alexander and for purposes principally of discovery, coasted along the shores of Balochistan, and his account of the natives he met with, and the difficulty he found in obtaining supplies, is as credible as if the voyage had been carried on under similar circumstances at the present day. The severest privations of fatigue, hunger, and thirst had to be endured by all, from the highest to the lowest, and both the fleet and army suffered extreme hardship, until the latter reached the fertile and cultivated valley on the western border of Gedrosia, the present Banpur; thence it passed into Karmania, now known as the Persian Province of Kerman. It would appear that another detachment of the Greek army marched from India to Persia by a higher route, through Arachosia and Drangiana, the modern Kandahar and Sistan districts. This was the force under Kraterus, which does not seem to have met with so many difficulties and obstructions as that immediately under Alexander's command in the country of Gedrosia (Makran)."-A. W. Hughes, Country of Balochistan, pp. 177-178.

A.D. 711-1030.-Invasion of Arabs.-Conquests of Musaud.-"In A.D. 711, or about a thousand years after Alexander's march through the country, the army sent by the Governor of Basreh, Hejaj, under the command of the celebrated Arab general, Muhammad Kasim Sakifi, is supposed to have effected the subjugation of Makran on its route; and from this date may no doubt be traced the colonization of much of the country by various tribes of Arabs. Between this period and the early part of the eleventh century little seems to be known of any part of Balochistan; but about A.D. 1030 it is recorded that Musaud, the son of Mahmud of Ghazni, extended his conquests up to Makran, but did not penetrate into the mountainous portion of Balochistan. His inroad seems to have been confined almost entirely to the level districts, and without any attempt at a permanent retention of the country. Nor can this be wondered at, since neither the country nor its people were able to offer sufficient inducements for their conquest, though it would seem to be an ascertained fact that its wilds and fastnesses were often resorted to by defeated or disappointed competitors for the thrones of neighbouring States as places of temporary refuge." Ibid., p. 179.

1380-1386.-Conquest by Timur. See TIMUR

OR TIMOUR.

BALUCHISTAN, 18th CENTURY

reigning family seems to have been displaced by a Hindu caste, the Sewahs, but when they began to wield supreme power in the country, and how long their rule lasted, history does not record. This much, however, is known, that the Sewahs in their turn were ousted by the Brahui tribe, under the leader already mentioned, and Pottinger thus relates the story of the revolution:-'Kalat had previously been governed by a Hindu dynasty for many centuries, and the last Rajah was either named Sewah, or that had always been the hereditary title assumed by the princes of his race on mounting the gadi. This last surmise seems to be the best founded, because the city of Kalat is at this hour very frequently spoken of as Kalati Sewah, an appellation it is more likely to have derived from a line of governors than from one individual. . . . Sewah was at length obliged to invite to his aid the mountain shepherds with their leader, against the encroachments of a horde of depredators from the western parts of Multan, Shikarpur, and Upper Sindh, who, headed by an Afghan chief, with a few of his followers and a Rind Baloch tribe called the Mazaris. . . [once] famous for its robberies, infested the whole country, and had even threatened to attack the seat of government, which was then nothing better than a straggling village. The chief who obeyed the summons was Kambar. . . . On their first ascending the lofty mountains of Jhalawan and Sarawan, these auxiliaries were allowed by Sewah a very small pittance, on which they could scarcely support life; but in a few years, having either extirpated or quelled the robbers against whom they had been called in, and finding themselves and their adherents the only military tribe in the country, and consequently masters of it, Kambar formally deposed the Rajah, and, assuming the government himself, forced numbers of the Hindus to become Musalmans, and, under the cloak of religious zeal, put others to death. Sewah, the Rajah, with a trifling portion of the population, fled towards Zehri, where his son Sangin was still in power; but their new enemies daily acquired fresh strength by the enrolment of other tribes under their banners, and at length succeeded in driving them from that retreat, whence they repaired to the cities of Shikarpur, Bakhar, and Multan, and obtained an asylum among the inhabitants there, who were principally of their own creed. Sewah is said to have died during the latter part of this rebellion, and his son Sangin, being made a prisoner, abjured his faith and embraced Islamism, which example was adopted by a good number of his followers, who still retain evidence of their former religion in the name of their tribe, that of Guruwani.”—Ibid., pp. 180-181.

18th century.-Abdulla Khan.-Conquered by Nadir Shah.-Tyrannical rule of Mohbat Khan. -"The fourth ruler in descent from Kambar was Abdula Khan, an enterprising chieftain, whose lawless exploits and marauding excursions still form a stirring theme for the wandering minstrels of Balochistan, one to which the Brahui still loves to listen. He is believed to have succeeded to the Khanship about the commencement of the eighteenth century, but, at all events, he was the ruler of Kalat some time before the celebrated Nadir Shah of Persia invaded India in 1739. Abdula Khan, who was a brave and ambitious man, had about this time occupied himself in subjugating the large province of Kachh Gandava, then held by a number of petty chiefs, the majority of whom paid tribute to the Kalhora princes of Sindh. . . . He also made marauding excursions to Kej and Panjgur, in the Makran Province. Nadir Shah, when at Kandahar, is reported to have sent

17th century.-Brahui conquest.-Sewahs displaced. Mohammedanism introduced. - "After this there is another great gap in the history of Balochistan, and nothing at all definite is known till the period of the Brahui conquest, under the direction of one Kambar, a chief of the Mirwari tribe, which is believed to have occurred towards the latter end of the seventeenth century. Before this period there is a tradition that a Muhammadan family, the Sehrais, ruled at Kalat, and their burial-ground, says [Charles] Masson [the American explorer], is still shown immediately south of the town walls of the capital of Balochistan. This

a portion of his forces under experienced commanders to effect the reduction of Balochistan, and this seems to have been attended with success, since the two sons of Abdula Khan were forwarded to the Persian monarch as hostages for their father's good behaviour, Abdula Khan being confirmed by Nadir in the government of the Kalati kingdom. In another inroad made by this ruler into Kachh Gandava, he, with but 1500 men, ventured to attack a large Sindhi force of 8000 men at a place between Dadar and Mittri, in that district, and was there slain with 300 of his followers. His son, Mohbat Khan, one of the hostages in the camp of Nadir Shah, having received the usual khilat, on honorary dress, from that monarch, at once proceeded to Kalat and assumed the government of Balochistan. . . . Nadir, according to Masson, also appears to have ceded Kachh Gandava to the Baloch ruler as an equivalent or atonement for the blood of his slaughtered father, Abdula Khan; but it is thought that the services rendered by Mohbat Khan to the Persian King by engaging in hostilities with the Ghiljis, the inveterate enemies of the latter, had more to do with this cession than anything else. After Nadir's death in 1747, Mohbat Khan made an incursion towards Kandahar, but the active successor to the Persian throne, Ahmad Shah Durani, soon revenged this insult by invading the Baloch province of Sarawan and taking away with him the two brothers of the Kalat ruler, Eltarz Khan and Nasir Khan, as sureties for his future good behaviour. The tyrannical conduct of Mohbat Khan had incensed the chiefs of the country, and the Sardar of Sarawan put himself in communication with both Nasir and Ahmad Shah Durani, the latter of whom summoned Mohbat to his capital, and kept him captive till his death; his brother, Nasir Khan, being sent to Kalat to rule in his stead."—Ibid., pp. 183-185.

1739-1795.-Reign of Nasir Khan.-Progressive rule. "Nasir Khan at all events justified the choice of his subjects, and he soon began to initiate large and enlightened schemes of policy, such as no ruler either before or after him has ever done. He had had the misfortune, when a hostage at Kandahar, to kill accidentally his brother Eltarz Khan, from whom the Eltarzai families of Baghwana and Kotri are descended; but on his accession to power he took the best steps to secure both the fidelity and esteem of his subjects. The great desire of this ruler seems to have been the firm union of the Baloch community, and with the view, says Masson, of engaging the hearty cooperation of his tribes, and to secure the recent acquisition of Kachh Gandava, he divided its lands and revenues into four equal portions, making over two shares to the tribes of Sarawan and Jhalawan, assigning another to the Jat population of the country, and retaining the fourth to benefit his own revenue. . . . Nasir Khan, in order to foster trade in Balochistan, is said to have remitted many of the taxes imposed on merchandise by his brother, fixing them at a moderate rate. He was also extremely solicitous to induce Hindus to reside in his towns, and he revived an old grant formerly made by one of his predecessors, which empowered them to levy, for the maintenance of a Hindu temple and its priests at Kalat, one quarter of a rupce on every camel-load of goods entering the bazar. He also recalled a colony of Babis who had been expelled by his brother. It is to Nasir Khan also that may be attributed the planting of the numerous gardens in the valley close to the town of Kalat; he stocked them with fruit-trees brought from Kabul and Persia, and offered re

BALUCHISTAN, 1903-1914

wards for the finest specimens of fruit, grain, etc."-Ibid., pp. 185-186.

1839-1841.-British advance.-Nasir Khan II recognized. "Baluchistan, lying on the far side of the Bolan Pass, is well outside the geographical limits of India. [British] political relations with the country began in 1839 [when Khelat, the capital, was taken by the British army on its way through the Bolan Pass to Afghanistan]."-Oxford survey of the British empire, v. 2, p. 285.-The ruler, Mehrab Khan, was killed, but in 1841 the British recognized his young son, Nasir Khan II, and evacuated the country.

1854-1874.-Treaty with British government (1854). Failure. In 1854 a treaty was concluded between Nasir Khan II and the British government, in which the ruler of Baluchistan promised to cooperate with the British army against its enemies, and to prevent his subjects from plundering British merchants. In return Nasir Khan II was to receive an annual subsidy of 50,000 rupees. As long as Nasir Khan lived he fulfilled the terms of this treaty, but his successors were either unable or unwilling to do so, and diplomatic relations with the Kalat state were ended in 1874.

1876-1887.-Foundation of the British province.-Treaty of 1876.-Incorporation of British Baluchistan with British India.-"Quetta was permanently occupied in 1876, and the surrounding territory was leased from the Khan of Kalat (Khelat) in 1883. The founder of the province as it now exists was Sir Robert Sandeman [who first entered the province in 1876 and who became agent to the governor general in Baluchistan]."-Oxford survey of the British empire, v. 2, p. 285.-The treaty of 1876 renewed the older treaty of 1854 in many particulars, but in the matter of non-intervention the clauses were changed, and Great Britain reserved the right to settle disputes between the Khan and the sirdars (native chiefs). The Quetta district has been administered by British officers since 1877. British Baluchistan was incorporated with British India in 1887 and was divided into two districts, QuettaPishin and Thal-Chotiali.

1893-1899. In 1893 Sir James Browne, who succeeded Sir Robert Sandeman, had serious trouble with Mir Khodadad Khan over the management of his court, which ended in the Khan's deposition. Finally in 1899 the Nushki district was leased in perpetuity to the British government which gave the government control of the highway to Seistan.

1903-1914.-Lease of territory to Indian government. Rising of tribesmen.-Gun-running on Perso-Mekran coast.-Measures for suppression. In 1903 the Khan of Kalat leased in perpetuity to the Indian government the territory of Nasirabad, about 500 square miles, and the Manjuti lands, about 250 square miles, at an annual rental of 1,17,500 rupees. During 1908 a tribe called the Mengals, dwelling in the Kalat State, numbering about 50,000, refused to accept the chief appointed by the Khan. A military expedition was sent from Quetta by the Indian government, composed of 300 infantry, two guns and a detachment of cavalry during August, but the tribesmen submitted without fighting and acknowledged the new ruler, Hajji Ibrahim Khan. For a considerable time there had been a prevalence of gun-running on the Perso-Mekran coast, most of the guns, revolvers and ammunition being intended for Afghanistan. The Indian government strengthened the naval force in the Persian Gulf and sent warships to the Baluchistan coast on the Arabian Sea. A number of dhows laden with arms and ammunition were captured; troops were landed to