CATILLON

CATILLON, a town in France, southeast of Cambrai. See WORLD WAR: 1918: II. Western front: w, 1.

CATO, Marcus Porcius (234-149 B. C.), Roman statesman. In 195 B. C., elected consul; 184, became censor, tireless advocate of the destruction of Carthage and author of various works on agriculture and history. See HISTORY: 17; MEDICAL SCIENCE: Ancient: 1st century; ROME: Republic: B. C. 184-149.

CATO, Marcus Porcius (95-46 B. C.), Roman prætor; introduced reforms upon being elected quæstor 65 B. C.; became tribune 63 and prætor 56 B. C.; opponent of Cæsar; killed himself rather than surrender to him at Utica. See ROME: Republic: B. C. 63-58.

CATO STREET CONSPIRACY, a plot, conceived by Arthur Thistlewood, to murder the cabinet members while attending a dinner at Lord Harrowby's in London, on Feb. 23, 1820. See ENGLAND: 1820-1827.

CATRAIL, an ancient rampart, the remains of which are found in southern Scotland, running from the southeast corner of Peeblesshire to the south side of Liddesdale. It is supposed to have marked the boundary between the old Anglian kingdom of Bernicia and the territory of the British kings of Alcluith (Dumbarton).-W. F. Skene, Celtic Scotland, v. 1.

CATSKILL AQUEDUCT. See AQUEDUCTS: American: Catskill; NEW YORK CITY: 1905-1919.

CATTANI, VASSALI, MASNADA, SERVI. -The feudal barons of northern Italy were called Cattani. In the Florentine territory, "many of these Cattani, after having been subdued and made citizens of Florence, still maintained their feudal following, and were usually attended by troops of retainers, half slaves, half freedmen, called 'Uomini di Masnada,' who held certain possessions of them by the tenure of military service, took oaths of fidelity, and appear to have included every rank of person in the different Italian states according to the quality of the chief; but without any degradation of character being attached to such employment. . . . Some slight, perhaps unnecessary distinction is made between the 'Vassi,' who are supposed to have been vassals of the crown, and the 'Vassali,' who were the vassals of great lords. The 'Vavasours' were the vassals of great vassals. . . . Besides these military Villains, who were also called 'Fedeli,' there were two other kinds of slaves amongst the early Italians, namely prisoners of war and the labourers attached to the soil, who were considered as cattle in every respect except that of their superior utility and value. The former species of slavery disappeared much earlier than the latter."-H. E. Napier, Florentine history, v. 1, p. 624.

CATTARAUGUS RESERVATION. See IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY: Iroquoian family.

CATTARO (Serb, Kotor), the chief town and seaport of Dalmatia situated on a narrow strip between the Montenegro mountains and the Bocche di Cattaro. It is first mentioned under its ancient name, Ascrivium, about 168 B. C. After being held by Serbia, it passed to the possession of Venice in 1420. In 1797 it was given to Austria by the Treaty of Campo-Formio; in 1805 was given to Italy and in 1810 to France; restored to Austria at the Congress of Vienna (1814). In 1914 was used by the Austrians as a base in their Montenegrin campaign; ceded to Jugo-Slavia in 1919. See LONDON, TREATY OR PACT OF; WORLD WAR: 1917: IX. Naval operations: b. CATTI. See CHATTI.

CATULLUS, Gaius Valerius (c. 87-54 B. C.),

CAUCASUS

the greatest of Roman lyric poets. See LATIN LITERATURE: B. C. 82-43.

CATULUS, Quintus Lutatius (c. 120-61 B. C.), Roman consul. See ROME: Republic: B. C. 78-68. CATUVELLANI, or Catuvellauni. See BRITAIN: Celtic Tribes.

CATYEUCHLANI. See BRITAIN: Celtic tribes. CAUCASUS: Territory.-Physical features. -Mountaineers. "Russia's far south-eastern province of Caucasia may be said roughly to occupy all the territory between the Black and Caspian Seas. Its northern boundaries are the Sea of Azof and the provinces of the Don and Astrakhan, its southern Persia and Turkey. It is separated by the Russians, and most effectively also by nature, into two parts, Ciscaucasia or European Caucasia and Trans- or Asiatic Caucasia. The natural separation is a strip of elevated country. Beginning at each end in hills of moderate elevation, the height of the land soon rises as we progress towards the centre."-Scottish Geographical Magazine, May, 1917.-"The Caucasus is essentially a mountain country; its inhabitants, with the exception of the Christian population occupying the river valleys of the Rion and Koura, essentially mountaineers; for, just as, thanks to its mass and elevation, the great central range has largely influenced all other physical features, so together with them has it been the determining factor in the matter of population. The people of the Caucasus owe to it not only their salient characteristics, but their only existence. It may be said without exaggeration that the mountains made the men."-J. F. Baddeley, Russian conquest of the Caucasus, p. 1.-The estimated population in 1915 was 13,229,100 to an area of 181,173 English square miles.-See also RUSSIA: Map of Russia and the new border states.

Ethnology. "One of the most remarkable characteristics of the Caucasus is that, while it has acted as a barrier between the north and the south, stopping and turning aside the movements of population, it has also preserved within its sheltered recesses fragments of the different peoples who from time to time have passed by it, or who have been driven by conquest into it from the lower country. Thus it is a kind of ethnological museum, where specimens may be found of countless races and languages, some of which probably belong to the early ages of the world; races that seem to have little affinity with their present neighbours, and of whose history we know nothing except what comparative philology can reveal. Even before the Christian era it was famous for the variety of its peoples. . . . No more inappropriate ethnological name was ever propounded than that of Caucasian for a fancied division of the human family, the cream of mankind, from which the civilized peoples of Europe are supposed to have sprung. For the Caucasus is to-day, as it was in Strabo's time, full of races differing in religion, language, aspect, manners, character."— J. Bryce, Transcaucasia and Ararat, ch. 2.

"In the middle ages the Caucasus was the route by which the wild Asiatic hordes, the Goths, Khasars, Huns, Avars, Mongols, Tartars, and Arabs crossed from Asia into Europe; and consequently its secluded valleys contain a population composed of more different and distinct races than any other district in the world."-H. M. Chester, Russia, ch. 18.-"Taking Caucasia as a whole, numerically the most important element is the Russian, but the Russians are of course very much intermingled with native elements. . . . The most important nation included within the Caucasian limits is that of the Georgians. [See GEORGIA,