Dominion to make her own immigration laws, and to exclude paupers and other undesirables from the United Kingdom or elsewhere in the British Empire a right first asserted and exercised in 1904; and (6) the right of the Dominion to appoint her own plenipotentiaries for the negotiation of commercial treaties and conventions-a right partially conceded as early as 1870, and fully conceded by the imperial government in 1907."-E. Porritt, Evolution of the Dominion of Canada, p. 215.

1914. Representation Act.-As a result of the census of 1911 which necessitated a redistribution of seats an act was passed styled the "Representation Act. 1914." This provided that "the House of Commons shall consist of 234 members of whom 3 shall be elected from Prince Edward Island, 16 from Nova Scotia, 11 from New Brunswick, 65 from Quebec, 82 from Ontario, 15 from Manitoba, 16 from Saskatchewan, 12 from Alberta, 13 from British Columbia and one from Yukon Territory."-Canadian Year Book, 1914, pp. 5-6.

1914.-Railway lines completed to west.Percentage controlled by government. See RAILROADS: 1853-1919; 1917-1919.

1914 (July).-Eve of the World War.-"The week preceding the declaration of war was one of subdued and tense emotion. It gave the Canadian people the necessary breathing-spell in which to take national stock and decide what course Canada would pursue should the worst come. Throughout those days of anxious waiting the country remained stoically calm, no jingoes clamoring for war, no public demonstrations such as preceded the outbreak of hostilities in Italy. The idol of the hour was Sir Edward Grey, who made such strenuous efforts to avert the calamity. And even after Germany had declared war against Russia and France, Canadians persisted in the hope that Great Britain might not be dragged into the struggle. In the meantime, however, the Government took preparatory steps; and public opinion became united in support of Great Britain in anticipation of war. As Parliament was not in session at the time, the outlining of the Dominion's policy fell to the Premier and his Cabinet in consultation with the Governor-General. On Aug. 2, 1914, the following message was sent to Great Britain: 'If unhappily war should ensue, the Canadian people will be united in a common resolve to put forth every effort and to make every sacrifice necessary to ensure the integrity and maintain the honor of our Empire.' Although this message was sent by the Premier and his Cabinet in consultation with the leader of the Opposition, without the sanction of Parliament, it voiced Canadian sentiment as truly as if it had been the outcome of a national election. A 'political truce' was declared, 'there is but one mind.' All the problems discussed at the conferences on imperial federation and in the debates on imperial defense were laid aside. No demand was made that Canada should be given 'representation,' a voice in declaring war and making peace, before she could participate. By mutual consent of all parties Canadians felt the only honorable thing to do was to give their hearty support. Thousands of Canadians, however, who are making great sacrifices for this war, are not necessarily committing themselves to support every war in which the Empire may become involved. When the war is over there will be imperial problems to settle which no Britisher is discussing today. When the crisis came Canada forgot that there were any problems. One thing was needful and that at once-men at the front. That was the one problem which the Canadian

CANADA, 1914

Government grappled at the time and which has received the undivided attention of Canadians ever since. In the face of an Empire-crisis such as exists today any other policy would be madness. When the Empire is in safety there will be ample time to make the adjustments which may be found necessary. What they will be, Canadians are not now discussing; and whatever may be Canada's attitude toward Empire wars in the future, for the present at least the Canadian standpoint is that which the "Toronto Globe,' on the day before war was declared, expressed in no uncertain terms: 'When Britain is at war Canada is at war.' Living Age, 1916, pp. 388-389.-See also WORLD WAR: 1914: VIII. Canada.

1914 (September-October).-First contingent sails. "The great fleet of liners, one by one, left the harbour for the voyage across the broad Atlantic. Troops commenced to flow from Valcartier on September 22nd; by October 1st the last of the transports had sailed from Quebec, proceeding to Gaspe Bay, to be formed into lines. In all they numbered thirty-two steamers, with several warships acting as escorts, and it is said that, with a space of about one and a half miles between them, they covered an area of fifteen square miles. The fleet, which sailed under sealed orders, could advance but slowly-as fast only as the slowest among them, for it included not only some of the most modern and 'crack' liners in the British-Canadian passenger service, but also several older cargo vessels of low speed. In England the public were under the impression that the disembarkation would take place at Southampton, and among the troops it was not known that they were making for Plymouth until only a few hours before their arrival. As in the case of the transporting of the Indian contingent, so again was the coming of the Canadians another triumph of organisation, another memorable feat safely achieved, notwithstanding all the activities of a relentless enemy. But this modern Armada steamed into Plymouth a fleet intact, and the Canadian contingent landed in England on October 14th. Not a single life had been lost, not an accident had occurred; in fact, the voyage was accomplished without anything in the nature of excitement."-W. Haydon, Canada and the war, pp. 75-77.

1914 (October).-Defense conference at Ottawa. "In October an important conference took place at Ottawa to consider, among other matters, the defence of Canada against any possible raid or attack, and with regard to the organising, training, equipment, and dispatch of further expeditionary forces. It was then pointed out that two considerations must be taken into account: first, the provision of rifles, guns, ammunition and other equipment; and second, the ability of the British Government to receive further expeditionary forces, and give them the necessary final training, having regard to the enormous number of troops then being organised and trained in the British Isles. The conclusion arrived at provided for the maintenance under arms of about 8,000 men of the Canadian Militia, to be employed in garrison and outpost duty. According to the military advisers of the Government this force could be rapidly increased at a few hours' notice, and it was considered that every reasonable safeguard had been made for Canada's defence of her own territory. It also provided that whenever any force was dispatched to the British Isles, further enlistment should take place, so that 30,000 men would be continuously under training in Canada, in addition to the 8,000 already referred to."-W. Haydon, Canada and the war, pp. 48-49..

1914-1918.-Canadian military and naval activities. "It is the proud boast of the Canadians that they were in the war from the very first. Canada raised and equipped at her own expense an army of 595,441 men, whose bravery is attested by the words of many witnesses and by the mute testimony of the white crosses standing 'row on row' in Flanders fields. Of the total number enrolled, nearly 80 per cent., or 465,984 men, were obtained by voluntary enlistment. The first division of Canada's expeditionary forces landed on the other side of the Atlantic in the late Summer and early Autumn of 1914 and after three months additional training in England arrived in France on February 11, 1915. The total number of men that served overseas was 418,052. The casualties amounted to 218,433. One cannot use round numbers when speaking of casualties. Of the total, 35.684 were killed in action, 12,437 died of wounds and 155,839 were wounded, the remainder having died of disease, died in Canada, or been posted as missing. The more notable engagements in which the Canadian troops fought were, in 1915, in the second battle of Ypres on April 22. [See WORLD WAR: 1915: II. Western front: c, 13], and again in Festubert and Givenchy in May and June. In 1916 the Canadians were heavily engaged at St. Eloi and at Sanctuary Wood and Hooge. In September, October and November the four Canadian divisions fought in the Battle of the Somme [see WORLD WAR: 1916: II. Western front: d, 20] and Courcelette, Moquet Farm and the Kenora, Regina and Desire trenches. In 1917 the Canadian troops bore the largest part in taking Vimy Ridge [see WORLD WAR: 1917: II. Western front: c, 4, 5 and 18] and Arleux and Fresnoy, on April 28 and May 3, and fought with great success in the advance on Lens and the taking of Hill 70 in August. In 1918 the Canadian corps was in the center of the western front in the second battle of Amiens, August 8 to 17, advancing fourteen thousand yards on the first day, the deepest advance made in one day during the war. In the battle of Cambrai, which lasted from September 27 to October 9, the Canadians after heavy losses took Cambrai, making large captures of men and material.

"While the military achievements of the sons of Canada were notable, the services rendered by Canada's little navy were also an important factor in bringing the war to a successful conclusion. At the beginning of the war the naval organization of the dominion consisted of one seagoing cruiser on the Pacific coast and one on the Atlantic. The staff of experienced naval officers was small. It immediately became necessary to develop from this insignificant organization a staff capable of superintending the transportation overseas of troops and supplies, and to provide a coast patrol service to protect commerce from the marauding German vessels and submarines, and also to maintain in cooperation with the British Admiralty an efficient naval intelligence department. The organization to accomplish this work, with one or two exceptions, was effected by the efforts of the original staff supplemented by the assistance of a few retired naval officers and many recruits from mercantile life and from among Royal Naval Reserve officers available in Canada. The best tribute to the efficiency of the organization so formed is the fact that many hundreds of thousands of men and great quantities of supplies were transported overseas without the loss of one life through marine accident."-H. E. Fisk, Dominion of Canada, pp. 5-7-See also BRITISH EMPIRE: World War: 19141918; WORLD WAR: 1915: II. Western front: c, 3, 11, 13; 1917: II. Western front: d, 24; 1918:

CANADA, 1914-1918

Western front: 1, 1; Miscellaneous auxiliary services: VI. Military and naval equipment: d; XIV. Cost of war: b, 3; b, 8, i; also EDUCATION: Modern developments: 20th century: World War and education: Re-education.

1914-1918.-War time prohibition.-"Amongst the many-sided problems of the war, Prohibition of the liquor traffic was one of the most complex and curious. It was claimed to be a great moral issue, it was said to be essential as a physical factor in the improvement of the race, it was supported strenuously as an economic element in the enforcement of public economy and the consequent increase in private and national resources available for war work. All the provinces adopted it in some form or another during 1914-18, and it proved, in fact, to be one of the most extraordinary popular movements on record. In every province of Canada except British Columbia and Ontario the legislation was permanent in character and could hardly be called war measures, though no doubt influenced and aided by war conditions. In Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Prince Edward Island it was adopted by a vote of the electors without any qualification as to the future. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec it was made law by legislative action. In each of these provinces, however, the greater portion of the territory was 'dry' by Local Option before the provincial law had been passed. In Ontario a plebiscite was to be taken on the issue when the soldiers had returned. Whether economic, or moral, or an indirect result, as in the United States, of war psychology, there was no doubt of the powerful effect of this wave of sentiment which swept away an institution of centuries, an industry of a hundred millions of dollars, a habit engrained in private life and character, an individual right or liberty which was almost fundamental in its nature. During 1917-18, also, the Dominion Government issued a series of regulations controlling the liquor traffic wherever existing-in order to prevent waste, promote thrift, conserve financial resources and increase natural efficiency. Provincial Prohibition laws were strengthened by the prohibition of import into the Dominion, and in March, 1918, by the prohibition of manufacture and of traffic in liquor between the provinces.”— J. C. Hopkins, Canada at war: 1914-1918, pp. 237238.-In 1920, the war time prohibition was repealed.

1915-1918.-War emergency financial measures. "To meet these enormous demands special taxation was of course necessary, and Sir Thomas White was not afraid to tax everything except the more essential supplies. Higher customs duties were imposed in 1915 through an ad valorem increase of 72 per cent. to the general tariff and 5 per cent. to the British preferential tariff on all commodities except certain food-stuffs, coal, harvesting machinery, etc.; in 1918 a special duty was put on tea and coffee. Excise duties on liquors and tobacco were greatly increased; war taxes were imposed on transportation tickets, telegrams, money orders, cheques, letters, patent medicines, etc. Under the Business Profits tax the Government, in the case of all business concerns having a capital of $50,000 and over, took 25 per cent. of the net profits over 7 per cent. and not exceeding 15 per cent., and 50 per cent. of the profits over 15 per cent. and not exceeding 20 per cent. In the case of a business having a capital of $25,000 or under $50,000 the Government took 25 per cent. of all profits in excess of 10 per cent. on the capital employed. Companies employing capital of less than $25,000 were exempted, with the exception of

those dealing in munitions or war supplies. An Income tax was inaugurated for the first time in Canadian history and came into effect in 1918 with a scale which provided for $1,000 exemption of income in the case of unmarried persons, $2,000 in the case of married people with $200 exemption for each child. An issue of $50,000,000 of War Savings Stamps was announced in 1918 with a view to increasing Government revenue and encouraging individual thrift. . . . Prior to the War the total wealth of the whole Dominion in lands, buildings, live-stock, fisheries, manufactures, railways, canals, shipping, telegraphs, telephones, real estate, coin and bullion, merchandise in store, and current production, was put at $11,000,000,000. In 1918 the Dominion Census Bureau officially estimated the total at $19,002,788,125. To this great increase in wealth was due, no doubt, the facility with which money in this one-time borrowing community was obtained from the people for War purposes through National loans-totalling a Government call in the five Loans issued of $950,000,ooo and a general subscription of $137,729,500 to the first Loan in 1915, $201,444,800 to the second in 1916, $260,768,000 to the third in 1917, $419,280,ooo to the fourth in 1917, and $695,389,277 to the fifth in 1918, or a total of $1,690,000,000.❞— J. C. Hopkins, Canada at war, 1914-1918, pp. 213

-E. Porritt, Evolution of the Dominion of Canada, p. 272.

1916.-Government control of telephone systems in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. See TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES: 1916.

1916.-Migratory Bird Treaty with United States. See TREATIES, MAKING AND TERMINATION OF: Treaty making power.

1916.-Price control during World War. See PRICE CONTROL: 1914-1916: Summary of various methods of price control during World War.

1916 (November).-The governor general.The duke of Devonshire was sworn in as governor general and commander in chief of Canada, November, 1916. The duke of Connaught whom he succeeded had completed five years' service because of the extraordinary situation created by the war. 1917.-Imperial war conference at London. See BRITISH EMPIRE: Colonial and imperial conferences: 1917: Imperial War conference.

1917.-Compulsory service bill.-"For many months the Prime Minister [Sir Robert Laird Borden] saw that conscription probably would become inevitable and that only a Coalition or National Government could make the draft system effective. . . . When he got back from London

CANADA, 1917

he knew that the hour for the decision had come. ... He had learned the desperate need for reinforcements for the Canadian army. . . . Hence a few days after he reached Ottawa he induced the Cabinet to agree upon a measure of compulsion and in a comprehensive and luminous statement of the deliberations and recommendations of the War Conference and conditions at the front he announced the momentous decision." This announcement called forth a storm of protest as well as some expressions of relief. In Quebec, the stronghold of opposition, rioting occurred, but of no serious nature. The subject was hotly debated in Parliament. But "the second reading of the Compulsory Service Bill was carried by the House of Commons by 118 to 55. Sir Wilfrid Laurier's motion in favor of a referendum was lost by III to 62. The Majorities for the Government on both divisions were even greater than was expected."— Round Table, June-September, 1917, pp. 776-779.

1917.-Coalition government formed under Sir Robert Borden.-"Just when the prospects of a Union Government seemed hopeless, the negotiations between Sir Robert Borden and the Western Liberal leaders were quietly resumed. Indeed, there is reason to think that the negotiations were never wholly abandoned. It was difficult to make headway under the immediate shadow of the Western Liberal Convention. In early August this great gathering of Western Liberals assembled at Winnipeg. It was expected that the leadership of Sir Wilfrid Laurier would be repudiated and resolutions in favour of conscription and union government adopted. Instead, the position of the veteran Liberal leader was endorsed, and a war resolution accepted which carefully evaded any declaration for or against the draft. An amendment to the resolution, declaring that, if necessary, reinforcements for the army should be secured by compulsion, was rejected by an overwhelming majority. Devotion to Sir Wilfrid Laurier and confidence in his wisdom and patriotism were expressed by the chief spokesmen for the Convention, while the Borden Administration was described as incapable and corrupt, the agent of corporate interests and the ally and champion of Eastern protectionists.

"Following the Convention the Western Liberal leaders announced that they could not enter a coalition under Sir Robert Borden, but that they were in favour of a national as distinguished from a party Government, and would take office under Sir George Foster, Sir William Mulock, Sir Adam Beck or Hon. Lyman P. Duff. Sir William Mulock, now Chief Justice of Ontario, was a member of the Laurier Government; Mr. Duff was active in the Liberal party of British Columbia before he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada, where he has achieved a position of exceptional distinction and authority. Sir George Foster and Sir Adam Beck are Conservatives of reputation and standing in Canadian affairs. It has to be said, however, that none of these four names excited the imagination of the country or by contrast gave force to the demand for the Prime Minister's removal. This is a tribute to the Conservative leader rather than a reflection upon the nominees of the Western Liberal group. Sir Robert, however, called a caucus of the Conservative parliamentary party and offered to resign in favour of Sir George Foster. Foster himself firmly opposed the resignation, as did all his associates in caucus. Indeed, the occasion will be memorable in Canadian parliamentary history. Not only was there complete unanimity in the declaration of allegiance to the Prime Minister, but there were striking manifestations of affection and confidence