BUCHANAN BUCHANAN, George (1506-1582), Scotch historian and scholar. See HISTORY: 23. BUCHANAN, James (1791-1868), fifteenth president of the United States. Private in the War of 1812; member of Congress, 1821-1831; supported Jackson for president in 1828; ambassador to Russia, 1831-1833; United States senator from Pennsylvania, 1834-1845; secretary of state under President Polk, 1845-1849; minister to Great Britain, 1853-1856; president, 1857-1861.-See also U. S. A.: 1852: Seventeenth presidential election; 1856: Eighteenth presidential election; 1860 (December): President Buchanan's surrender. Troubles with Mormons in Utah. See UTAH: 1857-1859. BUCHANAN, William I. (d. 1909), American delegate to Second and Third International Conferences of American Republics. See AMERICAN REPUBLICS, INTERNATIONAL UNION OF: 1901-1902; 1906. Diplomatic service in Venezuela. See VENE ZUELA: 1907-1909. Commissioner plenipotentiary to the Second Peace Conference. See HAGUE CONFERENCE: 1907. BUCHAREST, or Bukharest, in Rumanian Bucuresci ("city of delight") the important commercial center and capital of Rumania. It is situated in a swampy plain on the banks of the Dimbovitza, a fact which explains the disastrous plagues which visited Bucharest periodically. The most serious plagues occurred in the years 1718, 1738, 1793 and in 1813 when 70,000 inhabitants died in six weeks. In 1866 the sanitary conditions of the city became improved with the installation of a sewerage and a pure water system. Bucharest is one of Europe's important educational centers. The city possesses schools for the study of sciences, commerce and art, training colleges for surgeons and engineers, a university which was founded in 1864, and colleges for the study of theology, philosophy, literature, law, medicine and pharmacy. These schools and colleges encourage scholastic endeavor by requiring students to pay only for their board. Bucharest, during the World War, fell into the hands of the Germans on December 6, 1916. See RUMANIA: 1916; WORLD WAR: 1916: V. Balkan theater: c, 5; c, 6, iv. BUCHAREST, Treaty of (1812). See SERBIA: 1804-1817; TURKEY: 1789-1812. BUCHAREST, Treaty of (1913), terminating the second Balkan war, signed Aug. 10, 1913. See BALKAN STATES: 1913; BULGARIA: 1913: Second Balkan War; RUMANIA: 1912-1913; SERBIA: 19091913. BUCHAREST, Treaty of (1918). By the middle of January, 1917, the Austro-German forces under Mackensen and Falkenhayn had conquered most of Rumania. The following treaty was imposed upon that country and signed on May 7, 1918: BUCHAREST "CLAUSE 2.-DEMOBILIZATION OF THE RUMANIAN FORCES. "Article 3.-The demobilization of the Rumanian Army, which is now proceeding, will immediately after peace is signed be carried out according to the prescriptions contained in Articles 4 and 7. "Article 4-The regular military bureau, the supreme military authorities and all the military institutions will remain in existence as provided by the last peace budget. The demobilization of divisions Eleven to Fifteen will be continued as stipulated in the treaty of Focsani signed on March 8 last. Of the Rumanian divisions One to Ten, the two infantry divisions now employed in Bessarabia, including the Jaeger battalions which are the remnants of dissolved Jaeger divisions, and including two cavalry divisions of the Rumanian Army, will remain on a war footing until the danger arising from the military preparations now being carried on in the Ukraine by the Central Powers ceases to exist. "The remaining eight divisions, including the staff, shall be maintained in Moldavia at the reduced peace strength. Each division will be composed of four infantry regiments, two cavalry regiments, two field artillery regiments and one battalion of pioneers, together with the necessary technical and transport troops. The total number of the infantry of the eight divisions shall not exceed 20,000 men; the total number of cavalry shall not exceed 3,200; the entire artillery of the Rumanian Army, apart from the mobile divisions, shall not exceed 9,000 men. The divisions remaining mobilized in Bessarabia must, in case of demobilization, be reduced to the same peace standard as the eight divisions mentioned in Article 4. "All other Rumanian troops which did not exist in peace time will, at the end of their term of active military service, remain as in peace time. Reservists shall not be called up for training until a general peace has been concluded. "Article 5-Guns, machine guns, small arms, horses and cars and ammunition, which are available owing to the reduction or the dissolution of the Rumanian units, shall be given into the custody of the Supreme Command of the Allied (Teutonic) Forces in Rumania until the conclusion of a general peace. They shall be guarded and superintended by Rumanian troops under supervision of the Allied command. The amount of ammunition to be left to the Rumania army in Moldavia is 250 rounds for each rifle, 2,500 for each machine gun and 150 for each gun. The Rumanian army is entitled to exchange unserviceable material at the depots of the occupied region, in agreement with the Allied Supreme Command, and to demand from the depots the equivalent of the ammunition spent. The divisions in Rumania which remain mobilized will receive their ammunition requirements on a war basis. "Article 6.-The demobilized Rumanian troops to remain in Moldavia until the evacuation of the occupied Rumanian regions. Excepted from this provision are military bureaus and men mentioned in Article 5, who are required for the supervision of the arms and material laid down in these regions. The men and reserve officers who have been demobilized can return to the occupied degions. Active and formerly active officers require, in order to return to these regions, permission of the chief army command of the allied forces. "Article 7-A General Staff officer of the allied powers, with staff, will be attached to the Rumanian Commander in Chief in Moldavia, and a Rumanian General Staff officer, with staff, will be at tached as liaison officer to the chief command of the allied forces in the occupied Rumanian districts. "Article 8.-The Rumanian naval forces will be left to their full complement and equipment, in so far as their crews, in accordance with Article 9, are not to be limited until affairs in Bessarabia are cleared, whereupon these forces are to be brought to the usual peace standard. Excepted herefrom are river forces required for the purposes of river police and naval forces on the Black Sea, employed for the protection of maritime traffic and the restoration of mine-free fairways. Immediately after the signing of the peace treaty these river forces will, on a basis of special arrangement, be placed at the disposal of the authorities intrusted with river policing. The Nautical Black Sea Commission will receive the right of disposing of the naval forces on the Black Sea, and a naval officer is to be attached to this commission in order to restore connection therewith. "Article 9-All men serving in the army and navy, who in peace time were employed in connection with harbors or shipping, shall, on demobilization, be the first to be dismissed in order that they may find employment in their former occupations. "CLAUSE 3-CESSIONS OF TERRITORY OUTLINED IN ARTICLES 10, II, AND 12. "Article 10.-With regard to the Dobrudja, which, according to Paragraph 1 of the peace preliminaries, is to be added by Rumania, the following stipulations are laid down: (a) Rumania cedes again to Bulgaria, with frontier rectifications, Bulgaria territory that fell to her by virtue of the peace treaty concluded at Bucharest in 1913. . . . A commission composed of representatives of the allied powers shall shortly after the signature of the treaty lay down and demarcate on the spot the new frontier line in the Dobrudja. The Danube frontier between the regions ceded to Bulgaria and Rumania follows the river valley. Directly after the signature of the treaty further particulars shall be decided upon regarding the definition of the valley. Thus the demarcation shall take place in Autumn, 1918, at low water level. "(b) Rumania cedes to the allied powers that portion of the Dobrudja up to the Danube north of the new frontier line described under Section A; that is to say, between the confluence of the stream and the Black Sea, to the St. George branch of the river. The Danube frontier between the territory ceded to the allied powers and Rumania will be formed by the river valley. The allied powers and Rumania will undertake to see that Rumania shall receive an assured trade route to the Black Sea, by way of Tchernavoda and Constanza (Kustendje)." Article 11 says that Rumania agrees that the frontiers shall undergo rectification in favor of Austria-Hungary as indicated on the map, and continues: "Two mixed commissions, to be composed of equal numbers of representatives of the powers concerned are immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty to fix a new frontier line on the spot. "Article 12.-Property in the ceded regions of Rumania passes without indemnification to the States which acquire these regions. Those States to which the ceded territories fall shall make agreements with Rumania on the following points: First, with regard to the allegiance of the Rumanian inhabitants of these regions and the manner in which they are to be accorded the right of option; BUCHAREST secondly, with regard to the property of communes split by the new frontier; thirdly and fourthly, with regard to administrative and juridical matters; fifthly, with regard to the effect of the changes of territory on dioceses." CLAUSE 4 deals with war indemnities, of which Article 13 declares that the contracting parties mutually renounce indemnification of their war costs, and special arrangements are to be made for the settlement of damages caused by the war. CLAUSE 5 relates to the evacuation of occupied territories, embodied in Articles 14 to 23, summed up as follows: "The occupied Rumanian territories shall be evacuated at times to be later agreed upon. The strength of the army of occupation shall, apart from the formation employed in economic functions, not surpass six divisions. Until the ratification of the treaty the present occupation administration continues, but immediately after the signature of the treaty the Rumanian Government has the power to supplement the corps of officials by such appointments or dismissals as may seem good to it. "Up to the time of evacuation, a civil official of the occupation administration shall always be attached to the Rumanian Ministry in order to facilitate so far as possible the transfer of the civil administration to the Rumanian authorities. The Rumanian authorities must follow the directions which the commanders of the army of occupation consider requisite in the interest of the security of the occupied territory, as well as the security, maintenance, and distribution of their troops. "For the present, railways, posts and telegraphs will remain under military administration and will, in accordance with proper agreements, be at the disposal of the authorities and population. As a general rule, the Rumanian courts will resume jurisdiction in the occupied territories to their full extent. The allied powers will retain jurisdiction, as well as the power of police supervision, over those belonging to the army of occupation. Punishable acts against the army of occupation will be judged by its military tribunals, and also offenses against the orders of the occupation administration. Persons can only return to the occupied territories in proportion as the Rumanian Government provides for their security and maintenance. "The army of occupation's right to requisition is restricted to corn, peas, beans, fodder, wool, cattle, and meat from the products of 1918, and, further, to timber, oil and oil products, always observing proper regard for an orderly plan of procuring these commodities as well as satisfying the home needs of Rumania. "From the ratification of the treaty onwards the army of occupation shall be maintained at the expense of Rumania. A separate agreement will be made with regard to the details of the transfer of the civil administration, as well as with regard to the withdrawal of the regulations of the occupation administration. Money spent by the allied powers in the occupied territories on public works, including industrial undertakings, shall be made good on their transfer. Until the evacuation these undertakings shall remain under the military administration. "CLAUSE 6-REGULATIONS REGARDING NAVIGATION ON THE DANUBE. "Article 24-Rumania shall conclude a new Danube Navigation Act with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey, regulating the legal BUCHNER position on the Danube from the point where it becomes navigable, with due regard for the prescriptions subsequently set forth under Sections a to d, and on conditions that the prescriptions under Section b shall apply equally for all parties to the Danube act. Negotiations regarding the new Danube Navigation Act shall begin at Munich as soon as possible after the ratification of the treaty. "The sections follow: (a) Under the name Danube Mouth Commission, the European Danube Commission shall, under conditions subsequently set forth, be maintained as a permanent institution, empowered with the privileges and obligations hitherto appertaining to it for the river from Braila downwards, inclusive of this port. The conditions referred to provide, among other things, that the commission shall henceforth only comprise representatives of States situated on the Danube or the European coasts of the Black Sea. The commission's authority extends from Braila downwards to the whole of the arms and mouth of the Danube and adjoining parts of the Black Sea. "(b) Rumania guarantees to the ships of the other contracting parties free navigation on the Rumanian Danube, including the harbors. Rumania shall levy no toll on ships or rafts of the contracting parties and their cargoes merely for the navigation of the river. Neither shall Rumania, in the future, levy on the river any tolls, save those permitted by the new Danube Navigation Act." The collapse of Bulgaria at the end of September and the consequent evacuation of Serbia by the Central Powers heartened the Rumanians. They ignored the above treaty and re-entered the war on the side of the Allies.-See also RUMANIA: 1916-1918. In BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers, 1st duke of (1592-1628), English politician and courtier. 1617, became privy councilor; 1623, accompanied Charles I to Spain; 1624-1628, favorite minister of Charles I, who upheld his policies against popular disapproval. Assassinated by John Felton, 1628.See ENGLAND: 1628. BUCKINGHAM, William Alfred (1804-1875), Connecticut's civil war governor. See CONNECTICUT: 1861-1865. BUCKINGHAM PALACE, the London residence of the English sovereign, situated at the western end of St. James's park. By an act of Parliament in 1775 it was presented to Queen Charlotte, from which it derives its name of the "Queen's house." George IV had it remodeled, and Queen Victoria, who occupied it in 1837. added the eastern façade and ball-room. Of especial note are the grand staircase, the throne-room, and the state ball-room. The picture gallery contains a number of old and modern masterpieces; and a priceless collection of French buhl and other furniture is also to be found there.-See also ST. JAMES, PALACE AND Court of. BUCKLE, Henry Thomas (1821-1862), Eng BUDAPEST lish historian, author of "History of Civilization." See HISTORY: 3; 33. BUCKNER, Simon Bolivar (1823-1914), American soldier and politician. Served in the Mexican War under General Scott; served conspicuously in the Civil War as a general in the Confederate army; governor of Kentucky, 18871891; candidate for vice-president on National (sound money) Democratic ticket, with J. M. Palmer. BUCKSHOT WAR, the name given to riots at Harrisburg, Pa., December, 1838, growing out of a contest over the election of certain members to the legislature from Philadelphia. The governor called out the militia, and General Patterson's order to his men provided for "thirteen rounds of buckshot cartridges," hence the name "Buckshot war." BUCKTAILS, the name from 1818 to 1828 applied to the Tammany Society of New York City, the members of that organization wearing a buck's tail in the hat as a badge. They were opposed to Clinton's canal policy, and the name was finally applied to all anti-Clintonian Democrats. In 1828 they became the Democratic party of the state. See NEW YORK: 1817-1819. BUCURESCI. See BUCHAREST. BUCZACZ, a town in eastern Galicia about seventy miles southeast of Lemberg; taken by the Russians in their 1916 offensive against the Austrians during World War. See WORLD WAR: 1916: III. Eastern front: a, 2. BUDA, a city of Hungary, situated on the right bank of the Danube, southeast of Vienna. It was incorporated into a single municipality with O-Buda, Pest and Köbánya in 1872. See BUDAPEST. BUDAPEST, the capital and largest city of Hungary. In 1872 it was incorporated as a single municipality, being a union of Buda with Pest and two other towns situated on both banks of the Danube, and joined by six bridges. In the second century the Romans founded a colony on the right bank of the river, remaining until 376. After this date the site was successively occupied by Huns, Ostrogoths, Avars, Slavs and Magyars, the last arriving at the end of the tenth century. Christianity was introduced soon after. (See HUNGARY: 896). In 1361 Buda became the capital of Hungary. The growth of Buda and Pest has been remarkable, owing to Pest becoming one of the world's greatest flour-milling centers, with other extensive industries and a large trade. In 1800 the joint population was but 55,000; in 1872, at the time of union, it was about 300,000; in 1921 it was about 1,000,000. As the capital of a greatly diminished Hungary, the commercial prosperity of the city will suffer to some extent, but it will retain its greatness as the center of Magyar culture. Plan of the city. See CIVIC BEAUTY: Budapest. 1241.-Destruction of Pest by the Mongols. See MONGOLIA: 1229-1294. 1526. Taken and plundered by the Turks. See HUNGARY: 1487-1526. 1529-1567.-Taken by the Turks.-Besieged by the Austrians.-Occupied by the sultan.-Becomes the seat of a pasha. See HUNGARY: 15261567. 1686.-Recovery from the Turks. See HUNGARY: 1683-1687. 1849.-Siege and capture by the Hungarians. See AUSTRIA: 1848-1849; HUNGARY: 1847-1849. 1896. Celebration of millennium. See HUNGARY: 1896. 1919.-Occupied by Rumania. See HUNGARY: 1919-1920. BUDDHA.-"Gautama, surnamed the Buddha, because he claimed to have attained bodhi, or supreme knowledge, the secret of existence, was the younger contemporary of Mahavira. His father, Suddhodhana, was a prince or nobleman in the small town of Kapilavastu, situated in the territory of the Sakya clan, which took rank among the Kshatriyas. Hence he is often called Sakyamuni, or the Sakya sage. The land of the Sakyas was the narrow strip of country between the Rapti river and the mountains, now mostly included in the Nepalese Tarai, and lying to the north of the Basti District. The legends dwell with much play of imagination on the manner in which the young prince became oppressed by sadness and lost all desire for the delights of a court. He became convinced that existence is misery, leading to old age, disease, and death, and sought an escape from the endless circle of rebirth. Sitting under a tree near Gaya, he tried to win salvation by the severest penance, but found no peace. At last he saw the light, put away penance as vanity, and, going to Benares, preached to a few disciples his three great principles that 'all the constituents of being are transitory, are misery, and are lacking in an ego, or permanent self (atman).' His philosophy was based on those doctrines, but as a moralist he taught a lofty system of practical ethics, impressing on men the necessity for personal striving after holiness, and laying special stress on the virtues of truthfulness, reverence to superiors, and respect for animal life. Like Mahavira, he wandered for the rest of his life with his disciples through Magadha and the neighbouring kingdoms, and, after a ministry of forty-five years, passed away at the age of eighty at Kusinagara, a small town probably situated near Tribeni Ghat, at the confluence of the Little Rapti with the Gandak. The date of his death is uncertain, but there is good reason for believing that the event happened in or about 487 B. C."-V. A. Smith, Oxford student's history of India, pp. 32, 33. Compared to Christ as an historical figure. See JESUS CHRIST: Christ and Buddha. Legend of Buddha's youth.-"The young prince [Gautama] shunned the sports of his playmates, and spent his time alone in nooks of the palace garden. When he reached manhood, however, he showed himself brave and skilful with his weapons. He won his wife by a contest at arms over all rival chiefs. For a time he forgot the religious thoughts of his boyhood in the enjoyment of the world. But in his drives through the city he was struck by the sights of old age, disease, and death which met his eye; and he envied the calm of a holy man, who seemed to have raised his soul above the changes and sorrows of his life. After ten years, his wife bore to him an only son; and Gautama, fearing lest this new tie should bind him too closely to the things of earth, retired about the age of thirty to a cave in the jungles. The story is told how he turned away from the door of his wife's lamp-lit chamber, denying himself even a parting caress of his new-born babe, lest he should wake the sleeping mother, and galloped off into the darkness. After a gloomy night ride, he sent back his one companion, the faithful charioteer, with his horse and jewels to his father. Having cut off his long warrior hair, and exchanged his princely raiment for the rags of a poor passerby, he went on alone a homeless beggar. giving up of princely pomp, and of loved wife and new-born son, is the Great Renunciation which forms a favourite theme of the Buddhist Scriptures."-W. W. Hunter, Brief history of the Indian peoples, p. 74. This BUDDHA Legend of Buddha's forest life, aet. 29 to 35. -"For a time Gautama studied under two Brahman hermits, in Patna District. They taught him that the peace of the soul was to be reached only by mortifying the body. He then buried himself deeper in the jungles near Gaya, and during six years wasted himself by austerities in company with five disciples. The temple of Buddha-Gaya marks the site of his long penance. But instead of earning peace of mind by fasting and self-torture, he sank into a religious despair, during which the Buddhist Scriptures affirm that the enemy of mankind, Mara, wrestled with him in bodily shape. Torn with doubts as to whether all his penance availed anything, the haggard hermit fell senseless to the earth. When he recovered, the mental agony had passed. He felt that the path to salvation lay not in self-torture in mountain-jungles or caves, but in preaching a higher life to his fellowmen. He gave up penance. His five disciples, shocked by this, forsook him; and he was left alone in the forest. The Buddhist Scriptures depict him as sitting serene under a fig-tree, while demons whirled round him with flaming weapons. From this temptation in the wilderness he came forth with his doubts for ever laid at rest, seeing his way clear, and henceforth to be known as Buddha, literally 'The Enlightened.'-Ibid., p. 75. Public teaching of Buddha, aet. 35 to 80."Buddha began his public teaching in the DeerForest, near the great city of Benares. Unlike the Brahmans, he preached, not to one or two disciples of the sacred caste, but to the people. His first converts were common men, and among the earliest were women. After three months he had gathered around him sixty disciples, whom he sent forth to the neighbouring countries with these words: 'Go ye now, and preach the most excellent law.' Two-thirds of each year he spent as a wandering preacher. The remaining four months, or the rainy season, he abode at some fixed place. teaching the people who flocked around his little dwelling in the bamboo grove. His five old disciples, who had forsaken him in the time of his sore temptation in the wilderness, now came back to their master. Princes, merchants, artisans, Brahmans and hermits, husbandmen and serfs, noble ladies and repentant women who had sinned, were added to those who believed. Buddha preached throughout Behar, Oudh, and the adjacent districts in the North-Western Provinces. He had ridden forth from his father's palace as a brilliant young prince. He now [aet. 37] returned to it as a wandering preacher, in dingy yellow robes, with shaven head and the begging bowl in his hand. The old king heard him with reverence. The son, whom Buddha had left as a new-born babe, was converted to the faith; and his beloved wife, from the threshold of whose chamber he had ridden away into the darkness, became one of the first of Buddhist nuns."—Ibid., pp. 75-76.-Narratives from this point are confusing and disconnected, and except for the account of the last few days of his life, it is not yet possible to glean from legend a clear, chronological biography of Buddha.-See also MYTHOLOGY: Eastern Asia: Indian and Chinese influences. Legend of Buddha's death and last words."In foretelling his death, he [Buddha] said to his followers: 'Be earnest, be thoughtful, be holy, keep steadfast watch over your own hearts. He who holds fast to the law and discipline, and faints not, he shall cross the ocean of life and make an end of sorrow.' 'The world is fast bound in fetters,' he added; 'I now give it deliverance, as a physician who brings heavenly medicine. Keep your mind on my teaching: all other things change, this changes not. No more shall I speak to you, I desire to depart. I desire the eternal rest (Nirvána).' He spent the night in preaching, and in comforting a weeping disciple. His latest words, according to one account, were, 'Work out your salvation with diligence.' He died calmly, at the age of eighty, under the shadow of a fig-tree, according to the commonly received tradition in 543 B. C.; or according to later criticism in 478 B. C." -Ibid., p. 76.-"Gotama died, full of years and BUDDHA the Buddha's death, by Vidudubha, King of Kosala."-T. W. R. Davids, Early Buddhism, pp. 46, 47. See also BUDDHISM: Buddha's last discourse. Discovery of his birthplace and his tomb, with personal relics.-"Mr. Vincent Smith, of the Bengal Civil Service, a learned antiquary, has published in the Allahabad 'Pioneer' a statement as to the nature and significance of recent discoveries [1898] of Buddhist antiquities in India. The first of these is the home of Gautama Buddha, who lived about 500 B. C., and who is known to have held in high esteem by the clansmen, . . . at Kusinara, a site not yet identified, but probably in Nepal. After the cremation, carried out by the clansmen of the Mallas, in whose territory the town lay, the ashes are said to have been divided into eight portions. Of these six were given to the six clans in the neighbourhood, one being the Sakiyas, one was given to the King of Magadha, and one to a Brahmin in Vethadipa near by. Stupas or cairns are said to have been put up over all eight; but only one of these has as yet been rediscovered. This is the one put up by the Sakiyas in the new Kapilavastu, built after the destruction of the older town a few years before 'been the son of the Raja of Kapilavastu, a small state in the Nepal Terai, bordering on the modern Oudh. The site of Kapilavastu has long been eagerly sought for, and it is only within the past three years that the accidental discovery of an inscribed pillar erected by the Emperor Asoka, in the third century B. C., fixed with certainty the site of the city. The ruins, which were lately visited by Mr. Smith, are, so far as is yet known, all of brick; they are for the most part buried in jungle, and are so extensive that many years would be required for their exploration. The city was destroyed during the lifetime of Gautama, and when the first of the famous Chinese pilgrims vis |