Sept. 2-3. Wellington Pastoral, Agriculturat and Horticultural Society. A. E. Rotton, Germantown Pastoral, Agricultural and Horticultural Society. J. S. Stewart, Junee Agricultural Association T. C. Humphreys, Secretary. Young Pastoral and Agricultural Association. T. H. Tester, Secretary. W. I. Johnson, Secretary. Sept. 16-17. Cootamundra Agricultural, Pastoral, Horticultural and Industrial Association. M. T. Williams, Secretary. Cowra Pastoral, Agricultural and Horticultural Association. G. S. Fisher, Murrumburah Pastoral, Agricultural and Industrial Association. J. A. Foley, Secretary. Sept. 30 Oct. Hay Pastoral and Agricultural Association. Secretary, G. S. Camden, bition of Ornithology, and of Entomology and Botany from an Ornithological Point of View. General Secretary: L. Cuisinier, 155 Rue de Bruxelles, Ans. May 13-23. Brussels, Palais du Cinquantenaire. - International Horse Show, organised by the Royal Horse Society of Belgium. Rue des Deux Eglises, 33, St. Josse-ten-Noode Bruxelles. June 14-16. Ghent. - Temporary International Poultry Show at the Ghent Exhibition. For particulars apply to Boulevard de la Senne, 90, Bruxelles; or Chaussée de Bruxelles, 4, Ledeberg (Ghent). France. 1913. May 5 - Oct. 15. Vichy. International Exhibition. One section is devoted to agriculture and horticlture; others to machines and motors. For information apply to: Direction de l'Exposition Internationale, 18 Rue Scornin, Vichy. Paris, «Société Nationale d'Horticulture de France », 84 Rue de Grenelle. Shows arranged by the Society: June 12. paeonies, irises, orchids; July 10 - roses, vegetables; Aug. 14. — gladioli, plants in bloom; Sept. 1I dahlias, asters, fruit; Oct. 9 early Chrysanthemums, orchids, fruit. June 6-9 Versailles, Park. Exhibition of Horticultural Products, organised by the June 9-15. Chambery (Savoy). — Horticultural Show. June 9-15 Chambery. - Interdepartmental Agricultural Show. This will include live stock, horticultural products, Savoy wines, agricultural machines, spraying machines, etc. June 12-15. Evreux. Poultry Exhibition in the enclosure of the central Exhibition), organized by the Society of Norman Poultry Breeders (Societé des Aviculteurs Normands), 9 Rue Josephine, Evreux (Eure). June 14-22. Grenoble (Isère). Horticultural Exhibition. June 18-12. Paris. Central Show of Stud Horses and Asses. Prizes will amount to 232 900 frs.; 17 cups, 464 medals. Apply to: «Ministère de l'Agriculture, Direction des Haras 2e Bureau ». June 21-23. La Rochelle, Casino municipal O General Horticultural Show organized by the Horticultural and Viticultural Society of Lower Charente. President: M. Lefebvre, 4, Rue Réaumur, La Rochelle; Secretary, M. Morin, 57 Rue Alcide d'Orbigny, La Rochelle. june 28 July 6. Saint-Mandé (Seine). National Exhibition of Horticulture and Fine Arts organized by the Horticultural Society of Vincennes. For particulars respecting the Horticultural Section, apply to M. E. R. Pacotto, President of the Organisation Committee, 11 Rue de la Marseillaise, Vincennes. July-October. Brest, Place du Château - Exhibition of West France. Amongst others there will be a section for Agricultural machines and Implements. Apply to: M. le President de l'Exposition de l'Ouest de la France, Brest July 5-7 La Basée. --- Annual Show of the Agricultural Comice of the Arrondissement of Lille. Apply for information to the Secrétariat général du Comice 112 Rue de Paris, Lille. July 12-14 Senlis (Oise). General Horticultural Show organised by the Société d'Horticulture de l'arrondissement de Sentis. For particulars apply before June, to M. Lelièvre, Secretary General of the Society, Senlis. August 15-17. Montereau (Seine-et-Marne). Fifty-first Show organised by the Société d'Horticulture de Melun et Fontainebleau.. Apply to M. Zanotte, Secretary, Rue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville Montereau. November. Paris. Twenty-fourth Show of the Société nationale d'Aviculture de France. Cold Storage Installation, Exhibition of the Automobile Club of France. The latter club, wishing to show the advantages accruing to farmers from the use of refrigerators driven by explosion motors, has organised an annual competition, with prizes, for the owners of the best plant. This competition will be held for the first time in 1913, in the South-East region. 1913-1915. Show of Machines for cutting over coppices, organised by the Société des Agricultears de France, 8 Rue d'Athènes, Paris. A prize of 3000 frs. will be awarded in 1915 after two competitions in 1913-1914. Date of entry: May 31, 1913. 1914. Jan. 18-19 Lille. Fifteenth International Exhibition of the Poultry Breeders of the North. Secretary General. M. Emile Desreumaux, 92 Rue Franklin, Roubaix. (Nord). Germany. 1913. Oct. 7-12. Berlin. Exhibition Halls of the Institute for Fermentation Industries. — Exhi bition of Machines and Implements for the Brewing Industry, organised by the Versuchs und Lehranstalt für Brauerei » of Berlin. 1914. Hamburg. Hamburg-Altona Central Cattle Market. at Ham Show of Fat Stock. Apply to the Geschäftsführenden Ausschuss der Hamburger Mastvichausstellung burg. Holland. 1913. May 9-22. Bellevue (neighbourhood of Amsterdam). General Exhibition of Ornamental Plants and Flowers. Secretary of the Exhibition, M. G. F. Koopman. Italy. 1913. Aug. 15 Oct. 15. Parma. Exhibitions during the Celebration of the Centenary of Giuseppe Verdi. Floricultural Exhibition: Entries until May 31; apply to the Cattedra Ambulante di Agricultura », Parma. International Exhibition of Dairy Machines and Apparatus: opens Aug. 17. Provincial Exhibition of Butter and Cheeses: opens Sept. 20. Also: Mechanical Ploughing Competition; Exhibition of the Apennine Region; Farm Competition; Exhibition of Chemical Manures; Poultry and Rabbit Show; Pork Butchers' Exhibition; Wheat Show. June. November. Bologna, Halls of the Provincial Agricultural Office, 15 Via d'Azeglio. Permanent Fruit Show organised by the Provincial Agricultural Office of Bologna. In addition in order to encourage fruit-growing, the Office, with the cooperation of the Ministry of Agriculture and various social bodies, is opening a competition among fruit-growers in the province for new plantations. June-December. Bari. Exhibition of Labour and Industry, and Agricultural Show. Apply to the « Direzione dell'Esposizione del Lavoro e dell'Industria, Bari». Competition among cooperative Dairies organised by the Società Agraria di Lombardia», Milan, 2 Piazza Fontana ; latest date of entry: June 30, 1913. August. Potenza (Basilicata). — Live Stock Show. October. Live Stock Show of the Valsassina organised by the « Comizio agrario, of Lecco. Nov. 1-15 Florence. Horticultural Exhibition (Chrysanthemums, Fruit, etc.); apply to the President of the Commission, 17 Via Bolognese, Florence. 1913. Sept. 20-27. London, Royal Agricultural Hall. Twentyfirst Annual International Exhibition of the Grocery, Provision, Oil and Italian Warehouse and Allied Traders. Secretary, H. S. Rogers, Palmerston House, Old Broad St., London E. C Union of South Africa: Natal. 1913. June 6-7. Vryheid. — Show organized by the Vryheid Agricultural Society. June 20-21. Greytown. Show organised by the Umvoti Agricultural Society. Uruguay. 1913. October. Tacuarembò. Second National Agricultural and Live Stock Show. International Competition of identification marks for, cattle, goats, sheep and pigs, organised by the Government of Uruguay. 27000 frs. are to be given in prizes and a sum not exceeding 270.000 frs. is offered by the Government for the purchase of the best system. Belgium. 1913. July. Ghent. International Congress of the Wine Trade, organised by the Comité International du Commerce des Vins, Cidres, Spiritueux et Liqueurs », 27 Rue du Louvre, Paris. Aug. 2-3 Ghent. Food Stuffs. International Congress for the Prevention of the Adulteration of Oct. 26. Ghent. - Eighteenth Chrysanthemum Congress on the Occasion of the International Exhibition of Chrysanthemums and Fruit, France. 1913. June 5. Périgueux. - - First Congress of the National Union of the Horticultural Societies of France. June 16-20 Paris International Forestry Congress. 1914. Sept 4-12. Havre. Russia. - Congress of the French Association for the Advancement of Science AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND CULTIVATION. 462 The Conservation of Snow: its Dependence on Mountains and Forests. - Mountain ranges not only receive more snow than plains or valleys, but owing to the lower temperatures prevailing on their slopes, retain it for a longer period; they are, however, by their elevation, exposed to sweeping winds which dissipate and evaporate the snow, so that any means tending to break the force of the wind will also tend to conserve the snow, and render it available as an increased water supply to the plains and valleys during the summer. Crags are better wind breaks than trees and are found at higher elevations, but since the area covered by them is small, it is important not to neglect the less efficient substitutes. In order to estimate the part played by forests in the conservation of snow on mountain sides, a system of surveys was begun in 1909, and the amount of snow was estimated at various points by means of a steel augur and a spring balance on which the amount of snow in the augur could be read off as inches of water. The regions studied included both the semi-arid and wind-swept eastern side of the Sierra Nevada with the adjacent lowlands, and also the moister and more sheltered basin of Lake Tahoe, where forests of varying types and densities occur. The following is an example of some of the measurements obtained : The figures show the value of trees in gathering and conserving the snow. At an altitude of 5 500 feet the timbered area had nine times as much snow as the sagebrush area, while higher up the mountain side the forested slope had one-fifth more than the unforested lee slope above it, and the difference increased during the interval between the two sets of measurements. The type of forest also has a marked effect on the accumulation and conservation of snow: I 2 A forest of pine and fir with a maximum storage of 12.1 in. retained 0.6 in. on April 20 A fir forest D D 2.7 with glades The more open forest of pine and fir gathered more snow but retained less than the pure fir forest, but evidently the density of foliage is not the only factor in the conservation of snow for in the second series of measurements the presence of glades in the forest increased the storage power to a considerable extent. The ideal forest would therefore seem to be a dense one with a maximum number of glades, whose area bears such proportions to the height of the trees that neither the wind nor the sun can reach to the bottom. As to the kind of tree to be used for elevations below 8 000 feet, fir has given the best results, while above that height mountain hemlock was most efficient. A study has also been made of the increase in depth and density of the snow with elevation, and seasonal forecasts of the moisture stored in the mountains have been inaugurated which are of great value to the irrigator and to the user of water power. 463 Meteorology in Canada. STUPART, R. F. (Director of the Dominion Meteorological Service) Reprint from the Journal of the Astronomical Society of Canada. MarchApril, pp. 75-87. Toronto, 1912. After a historical sketch of the origin and growth of the Meteorological Service in Canada, the writer gives an account of the present scope of its work. The headquarters of the Service are at Toronto, the present observatory and offices dating from 1909; there are also 543 other stations in the Dominion at which observations are taken; and 41 of these send bidaily telegraphie reports to Toronto. The synoptic weather map has been adopted as a basis of weather forecasts and every effort has been made to broaden the field from which observations are obtained, but as the telegraph does not yet reach much beyond the southern margin of Canada the weather map exhibits a vast blank to the northward, and cloud observations showing motion of the upper air are fragmentary and unreliable. Recently, throngh the co-operation of the United States Weather Bureau, a most promising development of the daily weather map has been made possible by obtaining a certain number of foreign reports as follows: Ireland, Faeroe Islands, London, Stornaway, Malin Head, Blacksod Bay, Shetland Islands, Cuxhaver, Vladivostock, Shanghai, Lisbon, Azores, Turks Island, Havana, Honololu and Manila, together With several United States stations in Alaska, also 12 stations in Russia and Siberia and one in Japan. These reports are received in Toronto at about 10 a.m. and together with the reports of the American continent are entered on a map of polar projection and show with fair certainty the distribution of pressure over the northern hemisphere. Within the last few years too, stations have been opened at 10 points in the northland forming a chain from Northern Alberta to the Arctic Sea. and |