the local government. But mere laws will be ineffective unless there are means of regular inspection and enforcement. As Miss Byington points out, "With our foreign colonies, ignorant of American standards and legal rights, and not knowing where and how to make complaint, it is not enough for the Board of Health to act on complaint; it should make regular inspections" This principle of calling upon and utilizing the facilities of the local government should be stressed. But the co-operation of the Italians should be enlisted. Because they may not readily understand English and are not acquainted with local ordinances bearing on health, housing, sanitation, and public order, a community that will take the pains to print a pamphlet (English and Italian in parallel pages) explaining some of the more important ordinances, will have taken a first step in securing such co-operation. The public school may also be an agency for instruction and in securing the co-operation of parents and pupils.

2. Protection and Justice for the Italian. The Italian suffers from many exploiters. His dealings with the unscrupulous banker, the land shark masquerading as a real estate agent, and the unregulated employment agency are disastrous. Many of the offenses of the immigrant are, furthermore, due to ignorance. Such information as is suggested in the preceding paragraph concerning local ordinances will lessen the number of arrests. It is unfortunately true that in many communities the immigrant gets scant justice at the hand of the courts. There is a convincing and suggestive discussion of "The Immigrant in the Courts "* in Miss Abbott's book, "The Immigrant and the Community."

Lack of competent court interpreters often prevents the immigrant from securing justice. Mr. Mangano writes in "Sons of Italy:" "Before the Italian or any other foreigner can have proper regard for our political institutions, America must see to it that they are free from graft and that protection and justice are assured to rich and poor alike. This matter of court interpreters, for example, is calling for instant action. There is no standard of qualifications for the position. Many of them speak Italian poorly, and as far as education goes, are not fit for the place. These positions are given to particular friends of the politicians. They wield great power, the fate of an accused man often depending upon a truthful and exact translation of what is said. Only men of high character and unquest 'oned integrity should have such a responsibility."

3. Juvenile Delinquency. "Does a city's court still consider the delinquent child a criminal to be punished, or is he now looked upon as a wayward child who must be protected and helped or a defective child needing special care and treatment? In all stages of its proceedings, one attitude or the other must be evident." This field of co-operative service is opened up in Miss Byington's "What Social Workers Should Know About Their Own Communities" (page 28). Loss of parental control is one of the tragedies of immigrant life in America and a source of juvenile delinquency. Mr. Mangano finds the solution in the reunion of the family life. We must teach the boys and girls to respect and honor their parents and to speak their native tongue as well as English. Imagine the helplessness of a mother who knows no English and whose children feel that Italian is to be despised and cast aside. The children talk English in the home and even plan to disobey her before her eyes when she has no idea what they are saying. What becomes of Italian boys in your community when arrested? In a New Jersey community which prides itself on its community spirit, two boys, one colored and one Italian, were committed to the county jail for trial. It was later discovered that the county sheriff had placed them in a room with adult prisoners. When this undesirable situation was discovered, the judge directed that they be detained in separate quarters. This is the sort of thing worth being informed about.

4. Education. The public school is first and foremost in its contact with the immigrant and in its opportunity for heplful and co-operative service. Study your local schools in their relation to the Italian or other immigrant population. "Schools of Tomorrow," by John Dewey, is a prophetic book. It describes schools throughout the country that are pioneering for the new democracy. But the public school is not limiting its facilities to the children of the community. It is being made a community center. Consult "A Wider Use of the School Plant," by Clarence Arthur Perry. It is suggestive, also, of a wider use of the church plant.

The education of the adult immigrant has not begun to receive the consideration in this country it deserves. Many communities feel that they have discharged their responsibility for the foreigner when they offer in the public school a class in English for foreigners, four nights a week, often in a school remote from the immigrant community and taught by a day-school teacher already tired by the day's work. When in the autumn of 1917, roused

by the war, the Mayor's Committee on National Defense set afoot a campaign for the Americanization of aliens living in New York, it was stated: "The brunt, of course, has so far fallen on the schools. The new campaign will extend far outside the schoolroom. The facilities, organization, leadership and resourcefulness of social agencies are to be used in every possible way." The public schools, libraries, settlements, clubs, churches, synagogues, employers' associations, and city departments were enlisted. Some of the most successful instruction of adult immigrant womenthe most difficult group to reach we know of- was carried on by a highly intelligent young American woman who formed her classes in the homes, the objects of the home suggesting the vocabulary to be used.

But the older Italian men and women who will never learn English should be considered. In her practical discussion of the education of the immigrant Miss Abbott writes, "We should long ago have recognized that much of the opportunity for education which is offered the adult immigrants should be in their native language. Many of the older men and women will never learn English, and with others it will be many years before they will understand it easily. Most of them have lived in the country and are having their first contact with the problem of city life in the United States. They need at once a knowledge of the city's water and milk supply; of its sanitary regulations; of the labor laws designed for their protection; of the naturalization require ments; something of the history of the United States; and more of the problems of municipal government with whose right solution they, as much as any one else, are concerned. The public libraries are beginning to meet the cultural needs of the immigrant, but books with concrete information along these lines are not available for the educated and would not be used by those of little education or by the illiterate. These people must be reached by moving pictures explained by lecturers who speak their language."

5. Recreation. "We live in a boarding house, where we have to drink beer. It is served at every meal, and they would put us out if we didn't drink it. I have no place to go in the evening; I can't stay shut up in my rooms. So I walk the streets or go to moving pictures or the pool-room." Here is the problem of recreation from the standpoint of a young Italian in Barre, Ver mont. He voiced the need of thousands of young Italians

roughout this country. "In this city," reports Mr. Mangano in Sons of Italy," "the socialists have built a big hall where there re dances and meetings, but the serious minded Italian, and here are many, would like a place where they could go, read the apers, study English, and indulge in gymnastics for recreation. n less than six weeks' time two years ago, it was possible to ather a group of twenty-two fine young men, all away from home ies and influences, into a club for the study of English." The Iramatic instinct is highly latent in the Italian. Getting up a lay, staging and performing it before a group of neighbors, has urnished interest and expression for many groups of young

Italians. Supervised playgrounds are increasingly being featured in programs of community welfare. The Playground and Recreation Association of America, New York, will be glad to correspond with any community interested. The association furnishes stereopticon lectures showing the need of playgrounds and playground equipment.

6. Co-operating Agencies. It is impossible in the brief compass of this manual to take up in detail the varied forms of community service being successfully carried on among Italians. It is hoped that a point of view has been gained. A number of concrete suggestions have been made. Attention has been directed to books replete with further suggestion. As an addendum to this manual there is a list of organizations which hold themselves in readiness to advise communities or groups along the line of their specific interest.

II. The American Community and the Italian Family

The problems of health, of child welfare, and of education are frequently best met through a sympathetic relation with the family. The visiting or school nurse is a connecting link between the Italian household and the community. In California, state legislation has been enacted providing for "home teachers." The duty of the home teachers is to visit her entire district in order to discover the homes that need care, and then to teach English to the foreign mother in her home, as well as sanitation, household tasks, purchase of supplies, clothing, and concerning our American system of government.

The Italian should be protected from medical quacks and nostrums. Mr. Mangano states, "The Italian quacks to whom many

Italians go because of language are unscrupulous, and the quacks of all races who advertise in Italian free advice and sure cures for all manner of trouble, take thousands of hard-earned dollars. Realizing the injury to the Italian people and the disgrace upon the profession, some of the finest Italian physicians in New York recently banded together and are publishing a health culture journal in Italian, called 'La Parola del Medico' ('The Word of the Doctor'). The aim is to teach personal hygiene to the Italians and expose fraudulent quacks. The constructive articles deal with such subjects as 'Fruit Diet,' 'Examples of Good Living,' 'Wheat, Cereals, and Legumes,' 'The Work of the Italian Hospital.' The recent epidemic of infantile paralysis was discussed, and part of the blame for its spread laid squarely upon the bad housing conditions among Italians."

The fight against tuberculosis and the saving of the lives of babies are causes in which the community should seek the cooperation of the Italian home. In order to meet the constantly increasing demand for a simple educational card or pamphlet on tuberculosis, which can be supplied in quantity at a reasonable price and in several different languages, the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (New York) has arranged that a simple card or folder be printed in large quantities, thus giving local bodies the advantage of the reduced cost. Arrangements have been made whereby this card may be secured in Italian and eighteen other languages for $2.50 per thousand, and $2.20 per thousand in English.

The "Save the Seventh Baby" campaign carried on by the "Delineator " and similar movements will furnish concrete suggestion for helpfulness in the Italian family. The Italian mothers and their new-born babies often suffer irreparable injury at the hands of unskilled midwives. The Italians should be made acquainted with physicians of competence and character.

Those interested in a thoroughgoing study of family rehabili tation should consult "Social Diagnosis," by Mary E. Richmond, especially Chapter XXI on “The Immigrant Family." There is an extended questionnaire bearing on the family.

III. The American Family and the Italian Home "What can any Christian American do to reach the foreigner?" asks Mr. Mangano. "Let him play the host to the stranger. We too often blame the stranger within our gates for his un-American