teaching. If the officers and teachers of the school are indicted, it is the custom to admit them to bail during trial, and frequently the same is true after conviction, pending an appeal, so that they are free for a long period to continue the same activities. If the process of criminal prosecution is carried out finally to the serving of a jail sentence, other teachers will take the place of those confined. An interesting illustration of this process may be found in the Rand School of Social Science. During the war it was tried and convicted for a violation of the Espionage Act. Its conviction resulted in a fine of three thousand dollars. Its appeal was denied, and the conviction affirmed. The whole prosecution had no other effect upon the activities of the Rand School of Social Science than to deprive it of three thousand dollars, interest and costs. The teachings for which it was convicted were carried on with the same regularity in the school building as though the prosecution had not been begun. For this reason it was recognized that the criminal law was inadequate as a measure of protection to the citizens of this state.

An examination of the education laws of various states shows that a more or less rigid control of public and private educational enterprises is exerted by the state educational authorities. Most of the regulation relates to the character of education carried on in elementary schools affecting pupils of the compulsory school

State control is also exercised over the curricula of colleges and professional schools which offer degrees. The most stringent state provision which has come to the attention of the Committee is that of the State of Alabama. The law of that state gives to the State Board of Education control of all private, denominational and parochial schools or institutions of any kind having a school in connection therewith. Such schools are required to register annually with the Department of Education, and are required to make reports to the State Department of Education in regard to the attendance of pupils within compulsory age limits, also in regard to curricula, tuition, instructors, etc. will be seen that this statute keeps the state educational authorities in constant touch with what is being taught to the citizens. of the state in both public and private educational enterprises of all sorts.

It

This Committee is convinced that owing to the large foreign population within our boundaries and the extreme activity of the groups which seek to subvert our institutions, it is necessary that

the state shall control and supervise the curricula of all public and private educational enterprises in this state, excepting from such control only such schools as are now conducted or hereafter to be organized by recognized religious denominations or sects. These considerations led the Committee in its preliminary report to the Legislature to propose a bill requiring all educational enterprises other than those specifically excepted from the operation of the statute to procure a license from the public educational authorities of the state; making it unlawful to conduct any school, institute, course or class without a license; and requiring applicants for license to furnish upon oath a statement of the purposes of the school, institute, course or class, the nature and extent and purpose of the instruction to be given, with a further provision that no licenses should be granted to any school, institute, course or class where it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Regents that the school, institute, course or class is being conducted in such manner as to be detrimental to public interests, or is being conducted in a fraudulent or improper manner.

This bill also provides for the revocation of licenses granted, and the means for its enforcement. The full text of the bill will be found at the close of the general introduction in Volume I of this report. It is the earnest hope of the Committee that it will become the law of this state, so that the State Department of Education may control the Americanization education of the state and may guarantee its citizens protection against the teaching of revolutionary doctrines,

CHAPTER III

Teacher Requirements and Teacher Training

In the whole scheme of citizenship training no one has the power and the opportunity to exert so much influence for good or ill as the individual teacher. The Federal Government, the State Department of Education and the local school boards may outline a faultless program of Americanization and citizenship training, but if the teacher is not capable or desirous of its effective interpretation, all other efforts will have been in vain. The efficiency of the teaching staff in the field of training the foreign-born is dependent upon, first, adequate compensation to teachers; second, discriminate selection of teachers; third, higher teacher requirements; fourth, specialized training; and fifth, a general appreciation by the public of the vital function performed by such teachers and their importance to the body politic.

With regard to teachers' salaries there is no difference of opinion. Educators all over the country report that the present inadequacy of teachers' salaries constitutes a serious obstacle to the progress of Americanization work. Teachers are underpaid and have been so for many years. The present period of high prices emphasizes a situation which has existed persistently in public and quasi-public institutions for a protracted period. This Committee believes that adequate compensation of teachers in New York State, and especially of those teachers entrusted with the important responsibility of training the foreign-born, will be a prerequisite to the solution of the acute problem of securing satisfactory teachers which is faced today. With adequate pay teaching standards may be elevated through more careful selection of teachers. Moreover, more competent persons who prefer teaching, but who are kept out of it because of low salaries, will be encouraged to offer their services. It is now the concensus of opinion that a careful selection of teachers having adequate training and ability is impossible in the face of the acute shortage occasioned by insufficient compensation. However, this Committee believes that more and more emphasis must be laid upon the selection of teachers upon the basis of character, good citizenship, background, and training. One prominent educator has wisely recommended that each teacher of the foreign-born should be required to account for his conduct during the late war.

The legislation of various states in the matter of requirements for teachers seems inadequate to insure a teaching staff able to

deal with the critical situation of country-wide unrest. In more than three-fourths of the states citizenship, or even declaration of intention to become a citizen, are not prerequisites to obtaining teacher certificates. The effects of such a system, especially on those states which have a great percentage of aliens, is only too obvious. The required age of a teacher in the majority of the states is 18 years, though in Maine, Mississippi and several other states it is as low as 17, and in Texas 16. In most of the states a general provision is made that the teacher must be of good moral character, or at least a provision is made that his license shall be valid only during satisfactory conduct. Tennessee, on the other hand, goes so far as to prohibit the use of drugs, alcoholics, or cigarettes by any licensed teacher, while Kentucky prohibits gambling and profanity.

The states which require that no person shall be granted a teacher's license or certificate who is not a native or naturalized citizen of the United States or who has not already declared his intention to become one, are:

California

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New York

Washington.

In Nevada the teacher, besides having to be a citizen, is required to take the following oath before the granting of a certificate:

....

do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support, protect and defend the Constitution and Government of the United States and the Constitution and Government of the State of Nevada against all enemies, whether domestic or foreign, and I will bear true faith, allegiance and loyalty to the same any ordinance, resolution or law of any state convention or legislature to the contrary notwithstanding. And further, I will well and faithfully perform all the duties of teacher on which I am about to enter, (if an oath) so help me God; (if an affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury. "Sworn and subscribed to before me, a of the County of ..

and State of Nevada,

Even in those states requiring citizenship, teachers' licenses are granted to persons who have not yet reached their majority, for in no cases is the minimum age requirement over 18 years. The following states, so far as the evidence submitted to this Committee is concerned, make no requirements for teachers with respect to character:

Delaware

Illinois

Iowa

Louisiana

Michigan

Minnesota

Oregon

South Carolina

Texas

Virginia
Wisconsin

Wyoming.

We are advised that theoretically the selection of teachers for evening schools and for extension education in New York State is based upon (1) character, personality, interest, motive and loyal citizenship; (2) experience; and (3) training. These requirements we approve and recommend their rigid enforcement. At a Federal Americanization conference held during the war the following statement was formulated:

"We urge upon all normal schools, colleges and other agencies concerned with the training of teachers, that courses be given aiming directly at the equipment of all public school teachers, whether of children or of adults, to train citizens in the scientific knowledge and duties which will lead to a realization of the highest Americanism."

This gave impetus to the work of training Americanization. workers, which is now being conducted in many of our largest universities. Much of this work is commendable, but it all shows one conspicuous lack: nothing is done to teach prospective workers in the field of Americanization how to cope with radical and revolutionary theories with which they are inevitably destined to find many foreign groups affected. The University of MinneBota has done more than any other university from which the See addendum, part 2.