TABLE 2.-Support of American scientists doing research abroad

TABLE 2.-Support of American scientists doing research abroad-Continued

NOTE.-The above are representative of 52 grants made in this program since July 1, 1956, involving a grantee's work or field study in a foreign country in connection with his research.

2. SUPPORT OF FOREIGN SCIENTISTS DOING RESEARCH IN THE UNITED

STATES

The Foundation frequently makes funds available to institutions of higher learning within the United States for the support of a staff member who wishes to bring into his laboratory for one purpose or another an outstanding scientist from abroad. The purpose of bringing such an individual to this country ranges from that of giving specialized training to the invited guest to participation on an equal basis in the pursuit of a high-grade research program. For example, funds have been made available to Dr. T. H. Bullock of the University of California, Los Angeles, which permitted the presence of two outstanding European biologists to collaborate with Dr. Bullock in the research on the physiology of environmental stress. Dr. Harold Barnes of the Scottish Marine Biological Station and Dr. Otto Kinne of the University of Kiel have been working with Dr. Bullock on the influence of differential temperatures and salinities on various forms of sea life.

To illustrate how such grants support the training function, funds have been made available by the Foundation to Yale University for the support of the research of Dr. E. S. Deevey wherein he has provided a stipend for a research assistant who is interested in obtaining further training in the general area of paleolimnology. Over a period of time, it is Dr. Deevey's plan to invite other nationals to join his laboratory staff for a period of a year at a time.

Genetics is an area of biological and medical sciences wherein U.S. scientists have been particularly active in inviting foreign scientists to participate in U.S. research programs. This field is important currently because of the fallout problem. Several Foundation grants to geneticists have enabled more than a dozen foreign scientists to visit laboratories in the United States for periods ranging from a few

months to as long as 2 years. Other representative grants in this area made during the last 3 fiscal years are shown in table 3.

TABLE 3.-Support of foreign scientists doing research in the United States

Yale University, Poulson, Kanehisa, T. (Japan).. Physiological and Develop

D. F.

mental Genetic Studies on
Drosophila.
Comparative Morphogene-
sis in Simple Slime Molds.
Physiology of Formation
and Development of Eggs
of Marine Invertebrates.
Growth in vitro of the Shoot
Apex of Certain Seed
Plants.

Developmental Changes in
Mitochondria.

Horie, S. (Japan)......

Physiological Ecology of
Marine Invertebrates.

Barnes, H. (Scot-
land), Kinne, O.
(Germany).

Vaarama, A. (Fin-
land).
Kihlman, B.

Boyes, J. W.

Cytology of Bryophytes.....

(Sweden).

Role of Oxygen in Chemical
Mutagens.

Collection of Various Dip

(Canada).

tera for Cytogenetic Anal

ysis.

3. SUPPORT OF FOREIGN SCIENTISTS DOING RESEARCH ABROAD

Under certain circumstances, the Foundation will also support the research of a foreign scientist in a foreign laboratory. The conditions under which such grants are made are rather explicit. One of the conditions which must be met if Foundation funds are to be used to support foreign research is that the research be of a sufficiently high caliber that there is no question that its pursuit will be to the advantage of the scientific field involved. A second condition which may be applied is that the laboratory be a source of training for American students, either predoctoral or postdoctoral. A third criterion covers

instances where research has been initiated in a laboratory in the United States and is being carried to an appropriate conclusion in the scientist's home laboratory, following his stay in the United States.

An example of a Foundation grant to support work in a foreign laboratory is that made to McGill University in Montreal, Canada, for the support of the research of Drs. Herbert Jasper and D. 0. Hebb. The research is concerned with problems in neurophysiology and qualifies for support both on the basis of its high quality and the fact that the laboratories at McGill represent an outstanding training source for American students. Similarly, a Foundation grant was made to support the work of Jacques Monod in the area of biochemistry at the Institut Pasteur in Paris. Again, the grant was justified on the basis of the outstanding character of the research as well as on the basis of the laboratory's role in the training of American postdoctoral students. Other representative grants in this area made during the last 3 fiscal years are shown in table 4.

TABLE 4.-Support of foreign scientists doing research abroad

Foundation programs which enhance the interaction of American and foreign scientists cover the support of travel costs for foreign scientists participating in meetings held in the United States, the support of the travel of American scientists going to international meetings abroad, and the support of miscellaneous travel of American scientists for a variety of individual purposes.

1. SUPPORT OF TRAVEL OF FOREIGN SCIENTISTS PARTICIPATING IN MEETINGS HELD IN THE UNITED STATES

The typical example of support given to foreign scientists who come to the United States to participate in meetings in this country is the grant made to the Long Island Biological Association for its annual symposium on experimental biology. This meeting is recognized throughout the world as one of the outstanding conferences on problems within the general area of developmental and genetic biology. Foundation grants have provided for the travel of foreign participants for the last 3 years.

Another example of support along these lines is the grant which was made in partial support of the Sixth Congress of the International Society of Hemotology that last met in Boston in the summer of 1956. This is a regularly scheduled international congress, few of

which have been held in the United States within the last decade. Funds provided by this grant were used to defray the expenses incurred in bringing 10 outstanding foreign hemotologists to the United States for the purpose of participating in the meeting. Sessions were held on basic subjects including platelet factors, fibrinogen and fibrinolysis, crythropoietic hormone and metabolic action of folic acid and vitamin B12.

Other representative grants which have been made by the Foundation over the last 3 fiscal years to enable participation of foreign scientists in meetings held in the United States are shown in table 5. TABLE 5.-Support of travel of foreign scientists participating in meetings held in the United States

For the past several years (with the exception of fiscal year 1956), the Foundation has obtained a line-item appropriation for the specific purpose of assisting American scientists in defraying the cost of travel to participate in international meetings held abroad. Support of such activities by the B. & M.S. Division is limited to those areas of science which have direct relationship to the Division's basic research program. It is the practice generally to make travel grant awards on an individual basis in amounts sufficient to cover the cost of round-trip air fare travel from the scientist's home campus to the site of the meeting. Selection of grantees is made on the basis of screening of applications by an appropriate advisory panel.

Table 6 indicates the meetings for which foreign travel grants were made by the Foundation over the last several years.

TABLE 6.-Support of travel of American scientists to international meetings