World Confederation for Physical Therapy, in care of Dr. P. Bauwens; honorary secretary, 45 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, W.C. 2.

World Federation for Mental Health, 19 Manchester Street, London, W. 1; secretary general, Miss E. M. Thornton.

World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, 17 Burghley Road, Wimbledon, London, S. W. 19, England; secretary-treasurer, Dr. G. S. W. Organe. World Federation of United Nations Associations, 1, Avenue de la Paix, Geneva, Switzerland; vice president, Lue de Meuron.

World Medical Association, 10 Columbus Circle, New York 19, N.Y.; Dr. Louis H. Bauer, secretary general.

World Union OSE (Child Relief and Health Protection of Jewish Populations), 18, Rue Volney, Paris, 2e; director, A. Gonik.

World Veterans Federation, 27, Rue de la Michodiere, Paris, 2e; president, Albert Moral.

Examples of cooperative relationships with WHO

In relation to international efforts to aid children, WHO made a grant to the International Pediatric Association for a study of pediatric education in Europe. This study, plus information later collected during surveys of pediatric education in Australia, New Zealand, and Latin America, served as a basis for the work of the Study Group on Pediatric Education which met in Stockholm in 1956. It discussed the objectives of pediatrics in medical education, the content of teaching in pediatrics, and the teaching methods likely to be successful under different circumstances.

The Organization assisted the International Union for Child Welfare in 1955 with a study of the needs of children and the future role of the IUCW. Statements were contributed to the Union for World Children's Day 1957 and 1958. WHO was represented at the World Child Welfare Congress in Brussels in July 1958. The theme of this Congress "The Parents' Role in the Child's Development"has many implications for WHO in view of the whole question of parents' relations with health services.

As part of the WHO program relating to communicable diseases, WHO cooperates in program formulation with the International Union Against Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses, which holds official relationship status with WHO. The regional office for the Americas of this organization is located in New York. The American Social Hygiene Association, the subcommittee has found, is one of the many voluntary health organizations which has demonstrated a very deep interest in international problems.

In the infectious disease field, WHO is also in official relations with the International Organization Against Trachoma, the International Organization for Prevention of Blindness, and the International Leprosy Association.

The latter was admitted into official relationship with WHO in 1951, and has closely collaborated in the development of various activities of the WHO leprosy control program. Various members have been appointed as members of the WHO Expert Advisory Panel on Leprosy, participating at the expert committee meetings, or acting as WHO consultants to advise requesting members states. WHO has assisted ILA in organizing the VI and VII International Congresses of Leprology (Madrid 1953, Tokyo 1958). The organization of the latter has been coordinated with the WHO Interregional Leprosy conference for southeast Asia and western Pacific areas of endemicity. Finally, either through official relationships, by personal contact or through the intermediary of the directors of WHO international cen

ters, WHO cooperates with the International Association of Microbiological Societies with the object of collecting and exchanging information on laboratory procedures.

Cooperation between WHO and the World Medical Association is close and diversified. For example, WHO is cooperating with and giving financial assistance to the World Medical Association in the World Conferences on Medical Education of which the second will be held in Chicago in September 1959. Contacts with the Association have also been maintained in connection with the selection of drugs for inclusion in the International Pharmacopoeia. Lists of what is included in volumes I and II of the International Pharmacopoeia (first edition) already printed and the supplement to these two volumes now with the printers, were submitted for comments. The World Medical Association forwarded these lists to their national medical associations and returned them to WHO with the comments received. In the United States, the American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association cooperated along this line. This will be done again for the list of drugs to be included in the second edition. Tables of posology for adults and children, which have been published in volumes I and II and prepared for the supplement have also been submitted for comments on the same basis as above. The comments received have been integrated into the final text of these tables. It is intended to obtain similar information from the World Medical Association and the national medical associations for all details on posology to be included in the second edition of the International Pharmacopoeia now in preparation. Dr. Louis Bauer, a past president of the American Medical Association, is Secretary General of the World Medical Association. The significance of this vital organization and of its relationship with WHO can hardly be overestimated. The International Council of Nurses is the international body with which the American Nurses Association and other nursing associations are affiliated.

World Mental Health Year

A most interesting illustration of resoursefulness and initiative is the observance in 1960 of World Mental Health Year. This international activity is under the auspices of the World Federation for Mental Health with the cooperation of governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The concept of designating 1960 as World Mental Health Year arose from a suggestion made in August 1957 by Dr. Frank Fremont-Smith, a past President of the Federation. After consulting carefully with the WHO and with its affiliated associations and societies in 43 countries, officials of the Federation decided to go ahead with the plans.

It might be of interest to note the general aims of the World Federation itself:

To promote among all peoples and nations the highest possible standard of mental health, in its broadest biological, medical, educational, and social aspects; To foster the ability to live harmoniously in a changing environment; to make recommendations, and promote and encourage research in the field of mental

health;

To promote cooperation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of mental health, and to encourage the improvement of standards of training in the relevant professions.

My conferences with Dr. Fremont-Smith and with Dr. J. R. Rees, Director of the Federation and also a past President, impress me with the worthwhileness of the pioneering endeavor of the year.

International Dental Federation

WHO has collaborated with the International Dental Federation. Since the latters founding in 1948, observers have been sent to each other's meetings, continual contact has been maintained and advice exchanged. Many Federation officers and members have taken part in WHO expert committees and study groups on dental subjects.

Finally, relationships between WHO and the International Union Against Cancer are quite close. The Union is aiding WHO in the preparation of an international program for cancer research; scientists active in the Union are serving as consultants to WHO in framing the details of a program. A future publication by this subcommittee will document the leading role which has been played in the world cancer effort by the American Cancer Society.

As a result of the network of personal and official relationships arising from all of these cooperative efforts, WHO is in a unique position to tap the best scientific brains in the world for the planning and execution of an extended WHO medical research program.

Correspondence received by the Senate Subcommittee on Reorganization and International Organizations from the specialized medical and lay groups mentioned above confirm their high regard for WHO. New horizons of cooperation

Preceding pages have reflected the many ways in which private organizations have worked effectively with the World Health Organization. To an American accustomed to the unusually high degree of voluntarism in the United States, it would appear that there are further promising opportunities for WHO to develop still further its relationships with voluntary groups including several not now formally affiliated. Americans must, of course, remember that the character of voluntarism in the United States is relatively unusual elsewhere in the world because of a large variety of factors.

All things considered, however, it would appear that WHO can benefit, as can private efforts, throughout the world if there were improved development of health voluntarism nationally and internationally.

These additional points might be made in this connection:

1. The responsibility for strengthening voluntarism is naturally on the international organizations affiliated with WHO, as well as with those not now formally affiliated, rather than on WHO itself. Many of the present international organizations are purely of a professional and technical character with comparative minimal or no participation of laymen as contrasted with the pattern in the United States. Of course, many of the nongovernmental groups affiliated with WHO are per se wholly medical in character and must remain entirely professional in composition. But the number of groups which might benefit from lay participation without in any way sacrificing scientific standards is considerable. 2. Many of the organizations have very severe financial problems in meeting even present modest standards of international publications, international meetings, etc.

Exactly how these organizations may be enabled to strengthen themselves is a problem which merits their own serious attention and that of health-minded individuals throughout the world.

3. Another phase which should be considered is this: WHO would no doubt benefit from closer association with international organizations in the newly developing disciplines, especially those at work at the frontiers of medicine. It is clear that many of the most impressive opportunities for medical development may be found in the new horizons which are opening up in physics, chemistry, and biology. Already the pages of medical history are replete with innumerable examples of great landmark discoveries by professional but nonmedical men. There is every

indication that some of the brightest pages of the future of medical progress will similarly reflect the contributions made by individuals not trained as medical doctors, but skilled in related disciplines.

How to enable WHO, without altering its basic health character, to get the benefit of the work of organizations in these new fields is a problem which merits review.

E. WHO AND U.S. GROUPS

The subcommittee is naturally interested in the relationships between WHO and health organizations, public and private in the United States, and also in the extent of cooperation in WHO work by Soviet Russia and the Eastern European countries. This subsection deals with the United States and the next one with the U.S.S.R.

Upon examination, I found a most extensive network of collaborative relations between private and public groups interested in health in the United States and the WHO.

1. Relationships with pharmaceutical organizations

The pharmaceutical firms of this country have been active in aiding WHO. WHO has in turn been of assistance to the industry as a whole.

For example, WHO has frequently assisted on request by taking part in international collaborative assays of various biological substances preliminary to the establishment of international biological standards for these substances. Some laboratories which have, during the last 3 years, undertaken such research are:

Lederle Laboratories, New York, N.Y.
Charles Pfizer & Co., Inc., Brooklyn, N.Y.
The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.
Parke-Davis & Co. Ltd., Detroit, Mich.
The Wilson Laboratories, Chicago, Ill.
The Armour Laboratories, Kankakee, Ill.
Squibb & Sons, New Brunswick, N.J.
Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.
Sharpe & Dohme, Glen Alden, Pa.

Baxter Laboratories Inc., Morton Grove, Ill.

Through the members of the Expert Advisory Panel on the International Pharmacopoeia and Pharmaceutical Preparations and other

See pt. IV, sec. E(3) as regards pharmaceutical preparations and biological standardization.

specialists, WHO maintains contact with the pharmaceutical firms, and obtains certain information on tests and methods of assay for a number of important pharmaceutical substances, e.g., from Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit. In addition, proofs of volume II of the first edition of the International Pharmacopoeia, as well as of the supplement, were forwarded to all governments for comments and in the United States were reproduced and distributed by the American Pharmaceutical Association to members of pharmacy and medical college faculties and the drug industry, interested in official standards for drugs. They examined them and sent their comments which were received for integration in the final text of these volumes. It is intended to follow the same procedure in the preparation of the second edition. Mainly through Dr. J. L. Powers, chairman, Committee on National Formulary, American Pharmaceutical Association, and Dr. Lloyd Miller, director of revision, U.S. Pharmacopoeia, cooperation has been maintained with the International Pharmacopoeia, most of the work being on the preparation of specifications for drugs and reagents in the International Pharmacopoeia. Cooperation is also obtained from the editors of the National Formulary of the United States and of Drug Standards and from the U.S. Pharmacopoeia.

Proposed international nonproprietary names are also examined regularly by the pharmaceutical industry and comments received. At the present time investigations are being made in order to secure further cooperation of the industry to implement the program on information sheets. These sheets would contain information on the quality control of new pharmaceutical substances to be forwarded to national health authorities dealing with the registration and laboratory examination of new pharmaceutical preparations.

Also to be mentioned is the impressive cooperation obtained from the Committee of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States. The director of revision of this pharmacopoeia has been attending the last eight sessions of the Expert Committee on the International Pharmacopoeia. In the venereal-disease field, contact has been maintained with several pharmaceutical manufacturing companies, for example, in the development of long-acting penicillin preparations and other reagents suitable for public health purposes in WHO-assisted VDT projects. The following firms have aided WHO veterinary medicine research: American Cyanamid Co.-Collaboration on zoonoses research. Eli Lilly Co.-Collaboration on rabies research.

Abbott Laboratories-Collaboration on hydatidosis research. Finally, the following commercial laboratories have aided in preparation of biological products for diagnosis and prevention of poliomyelitis and influenza:

Lederle, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Eli Lilly, Parke Davis, Pitman Moore, Microbiological Associates.

Exchange of information on the problem of drugs for leprosy treatment has taken place during visits of research workers or representatives of private pharmaceutical companies, such as Lederle Laboratories, Parke Davis, etc. Exchange of information on therapeutic problems of filariasis has been going on with several research workers or representatives of American pharmaceutical companies such as Lederle (Hetrozan).

In summary, the willingness of American industrial concerns to collaborate so extensively with WHO is a tribute to the soundness of the organization's programs and of the people engaged in them.