Appropriations (a) To enable the Foundation to carry out its powers and duties, there is authorized to be appropriated to the Foundation, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter. (b) Appropriations made pursuant to the authority provided in subsection (a) of this section shall remain available for obligation, for expenditure, or for obligation and expenditure, for such period or periods as may be specified in the Acts making such appropriations. [May 10, 1950, c. 171, § 16, 64 Stat. 157; renumbered § 17 by amendment of Sept. 2, 1958, P.L. 85-510, § 2, 72 Stat. 353; U.S.C. 42: 1875.] Science Information Service The National Science Foundation shall establish a Science Information Service. The Foundation, through such Service, shall (1) provide, or arrange for the provision of, indexing, abstracting, translating, and other services leading to a more effective dissemination of scientific information, and (2) undertake programs to develop new or improved methods, including mechanized systems, for making scientific information available. [Added Sept. 2, 1958, P.L. 85-864, title IX, § 901, 72 Stat. 1601; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 1876.] Science Information Council (a) The National Science Foundation shall establish, in the Foundation, a Science Information Council (hereafter in this title referred to as the "Council") consisting of the Librarian of Congress, the director of the National Library of Medicine, the director of the Department of Agriculture library, and the head of the Science Information Service, each of whom shall be ex officio members, and fifteen members appointed by the Director of the National Science Foundation. The Council shall annually elect one of the appointed members to serve as chairman until the next election. Six of the appointed members shall be leaders in the fields of fundamental science, six shall be leaders in the fields of librarianship and scientific documentation, and three shall be outstanding representatives of the lay public who have demonstrated interest in the problems of communication. Each appointed member of such Council shall hold office for a term of four years, except that (1) any member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term for which his predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for the remainder of such term, and (2) that of the members first appointed, four shall hold office for a term of three years, four shall hold office for a term of two years, and three shall hold office for a term of one year as designated by the Director of the National Science Foundation at the time of appointment. No appointed member of the Council shall be eligible for reappointment until a year has elapsed since the end of his preceding term. (b) It shall be the duty of the Council to advise, to consult with, and to make recommendations to, the head of the Science Information Service. The Council shall meet at least twice each year, and at such other times as the majority thereof deems appropriate. (c) Persons appointed to the Council shall, while serving on business of the Council, receive compensation at rates fixed by the National Science Foundation, but not to exceed $50 per day, and shall also be en titled to receive an allowance for actual and necessary travel and subsistence expenses while so serving away from their places of residence. [Added Sept. 2, 1958, P.L. 85-864, title IX, § 902, 72 Stat. 1601; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 1877.] Power and authority of Foundation in conducting Science Information Service In carrying out its functions under this title [title IX of the National Defense Education Act of 1958], the National Science Foundation shall have the same power and authority it has under the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 to carry out its functions under that Act. [Added Sept. 2, 1958, P.L. 85-864, title IX, § 903, 72 Stat. 1601; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 1878.] Appropriations for Science Information Service and Council There are hereby authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1959, and for each succeeding fiscal year such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this title [title IX of the National Defense Education Act of 1958]. [Added Sept. 2, 1958, P.L. 85-864, title IX, § 904, 72 Stat. 1602; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 1879.] ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION Congressional declaration of policy Atomic energy is capable of application for peaceful as well as military purposes. It is therefore declared to be the policy of the United States that (a) the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to make the maximum contribution to the general welfare, subject at all times to the paramount objective of making the maximum contribution to the common defense and security; and (b) the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to promote world peace, improve the general welfare, increase the standard of living, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise. [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 921; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 2011.] Purpose of legislation It is the purpose of this chapter to effectuate the policies set forth above by providing for (a) a program of conducting, assisting, and fostering research and development in order to encourage maximum scientific and industrial progress; (b) a program for the dissemination of unclassified scientific and technical information and for the control, dissemination, and declassification of Restricted Data, subject to appropriate safeguards, so as to encourage scientific and industrial progress; (e) a program of international cooperation to promote the common defense and security and to make available to cooperating nations the benefits of peaceful applications of atomic energy as widely as expanding technology and considerations of the common defense and security will permit ***. [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 922; U.S.C. Supp. 42:2013.] Promotion of research and development (1) The Commission is directed to exercise its powers in such manner as to insure the continued conduct of research and development and training activities in the fields specified below, by private or public institutions or persons, and to assist in the acquisition of an ever-expanding fund of theoretical and practical knowledge in such fields. To this end the Commission is authorized and directed to make arrangements (including contracts, agreements, and loans) for the conduct of research and development activities relating to— * * * * * (3) utilization of special nuclear material and radioactive material for medical, biological, agricultural, health, or military purposes; * * * * (5) the protection of health and the promotion of safety during research and production activities. (b) The Commission is further authorized to make grants and contributions to the cost of construction and operation of reactors and other facilities and other equipment to colleges, universities, hospitals, and eleemosynary or charitable institutions for the conduct of educational and training activities relating to the fields in subsection (a) of this section. (d) The arrangements made pursuant to this section shall contain such provisions (1) to protect health, (2) to minimize danger to life or property, and (3) to require the reporting and to permit the inspection of work performed thereunder, as the Commission may determine. No such arrangement shall contain any provisions or conditions which prevent the dissemination of scientific or technical information, except to the extent such dissemination is prohibited by law. [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 927; amended Aug. 6, 1956, c. 1015, §§ 2, 3, 70 Stat. 1069; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 2051.] Research by the Commission The Commission is authorized and directed to conduct, through its own facilities, activities and studies of the types specified in section 2051 of this title. [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 928; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 2052.] Research for others Where the Commission finds private facilities or laboratories are inadequate to the purpose, it is authorized to conduct for other persons, through its own facilities, such of those activities and studies of the types specified in section 2051 of this title as it deems appropriate to the development of atomic energy. The Commission is authorized to determine and make such charges as in its discretion may be desirable for the conduct of such activities and studies. [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 928; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 2053.] Irradiation of materials The Commission and persons lawfully producing or utilizing special nuclear material are authorized to expose materials of any kind to the radiation incident to the processes of producing or utilizing special nuclear material. * * * [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 929; U.S.C. 42: 2062.] Distribution of special nuclear material (a) The Commission is authorized to issue licenses for the possession of, to make available for the period of the license, and to distribute special nuclear material within the United States to qualified applicants requesting such material— (1) for the conduct of research and development activities of the types specified in section 2051 of this title; (2) for use in the conduct of research and development activities or in medical therapy under a license issued pursuant to section 2134 of this title; or (3) for use under a license issued pursuant to section 2133 of this title [commercial license]. (f) The Commission is directed to distribute within the United States sufficient special nuclear material to permit the conduct of widespread independent research and development activities to the maximum extent practicable and within the limitations set by the President pursuant to section 2061 of this title. In the event that applications for special nuclear material exceed the amount available for distribution, preference shall be given to those activities which are most likely, in the opinion of the Commission, to contribute to basic research, to the development of peacetime uses of atomic energy, or to the economic and military strength of the Nation. [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 930; U.S.C. 42: 2073.] The Commission is authorized to cooperate with any nation by distributing special nuclear material and to distribute such special nuclear material, pursuant to the terms of an agreement for cooperation to which such nation is a party and which is made in accordance with section 2153 of this title. Unless hereafter otherwise authorized by law the Commission shall be compensated for special nuclear material so distributed at not less than the Commission's published charges applicable to the domestic distribution of such material, except that the Commission to assist and encourage research on peaceful uses or for medical therapy may so distribute without charge during any calendar year only a quantity of such material which at the time of transfer does not exceed in value $10,000 in the case of one nation or $50,000 in the case of any group of nations. The Commission may distribute to the International Atomic Energy Agency, or to any group of nations, only such amounts of special nuclear materials and for such periods of time as are authorized by Congress: Provided, however, That, notwithstanding this provision, the Commission is authorized subject to the provisions of section 2153 of this title, to distribute to the Agency five thousand kilograms of contained uranium-235, together with the amounts of special nuclear material which will match in amount the sum of all quantities of special nuclear materials made available by all other members of the Agency to July 1, 1960. [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 931; amended Aug. 28, 1957, P.L. 85-177, § 7, 71 Stat. 455; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 2074.] Distribution of source material (a) The Commission is authorized to issue licenses for and distribute source material within the United States to qualified applicants requesting such material (1) for the conduct of research and development activities of the types specified in section 2051 of this title; (2) for use in the conduct of research and development activities or in medical therapy under a license issued pursuant to section 2134 of this title; (3) for use under a license issued pursuant to section 2133 of this title [commercial license]; or (4) for any other use approved by the Commission as an aid to science or industry. * * * [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073 § 1, 68 Stat. 933; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 2093.] The Commission is authorized to cooperate with any nation by distributing source material and to distribute source material pursuant to the terms of an agreement for cooperation to which such nation is a party and which is made in accordance with section 2153 of this title. The Commission is also authorized to distribute source material outside of the United States upon a determination by the Commission that such activity will not be inimical to the interests of the United States. [Aug. 30, 1954, c. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 933; U.S.C. Supp. 42: 2094.] Distribution of byproduct materials No person may transfer or receive in interstate commerce, manufacture, produce, transfer, acquire, own, possess, import, or export any byproduct material, except to the extent authorized by this section or by section 2112 of this title. The Commission is authorized to issue general or specific licenses to applicants seeking to use byproduct material for research or development purposes, for medical therapy, industrial uses, agricultural uses, or such other useful applications as may be developed. The Commission may distribute, sell, loan, or lease such byproduct material as it owns to licensees with or without charge: Provided, however, That, for byproduct material to be distributed by the Commission for a charge, the Commission shall establish prices on such equitable basis as, in the opinion of the Commission, (a) will provide reasonable compensation to the Government for such material, (b) will not discourage the use of such material or the development of sources of supply of such material independent of the Commission, and (c) will encourage research and development. In distributing such material, the Commission shall give preference to applicants proposing to use such material either in the conduct of research and development or in medical therapy. Licensees of the Commission may distribute byproduct material only to applicants therefor who are licensed by the Commission to receive such byproduct material. The Commission shall not permit the distribution of any byproduct material to any licensee, and shall recall or order the recall of any distributed material from any licensee, who is not equipped to observe or who fails to observe such safety standards to protect health as may be established by the Commission or who uses such material in violation of law or regulation of the Commission or in a manner other than as disclosed in the application therefor or approved by |