93 94 95 POTENTIAL ENERGY: AN ANALYSIS OF WORLD The upheavals that pervaded the world's energy markets in 1973 and 1974 shows the importance of reassessing the direction in which our energy system is moving. A key to future supplies is new energy technology, and this book looks at energy research and development--at the various new energy systems that have been proposed recently. The ways energy is used and the framework into which a research and development program has to fit are discussed. The book deals with the major energy sources--including coal, oil, gas, nuclear, solar, geothermal, and tidal power--in terms of their intrinsic and relative importance. The book analyzes how the future is being shaped by the present situation, and by today's decisions on energy research and development. NATURAL RESOURCE REVENUES: A TEST OF FEDERALISM. Scott, A. (ed.). Vancouver; University of British Columbia Press (1976). 275p. $7.95. From Natural resource revenues conference; Victoria, B.C., Canada (1975). This volume centers on the concept of an economic rent; particularly rent yielded by mineral resources. The editor, in the Introduction, divides the 18 conference papers into three groups. The first group was concerned with the taxation of the mining and energy industries and its connection with natural resource policy. The introductory chapter attempts to indicate ways of linking the choice of tax collector with the likely effects of the alternative collector's chosen system of taxation. The linkage depends on whether the taxes are on resource ''rent'' and so are 'neutral,'' or on whether they are on costs or prices and so likely to distort or affect private output and timing decisions. A second group of revenue-oriented papers started at an earlier stage: instead of assuming that certain methods of raising revenue tended to be neutral, they showed their recognition that the general literature says little or nothing that is authoritative on this subject. This recognition impelled them to make careful case studies of the effect of certain taxes and agnostic conclusions about their general tendency (that is, their tendency to distort the plans and production programs that would exist without taxation). While maintaining an interest in the neutrality distortion problem, a third group reserved their force for the problem of entitlement to resource revenues. Mr. Scott senses that the authors split their verdicts: pointing to their support for a particular compromise policy. (MCW) STRIKING A BALANCE: ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES POLICY IN THE NIXON--FORD YEARS. Whitaker, J.C. Washington, DC; American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (1976). 359p. $5.00. The author served at the White House and the Department of Interior to help lay out the legislative and administrative strategies for correcting the environmental abuses and to chart a natural resources development policy with environmental safeguards. The book focuses on the policy options available, explains why the decisions were made the way they were, and sketches the political realities that sometimes limited the available courses of action. The dozen chapters are Conservation/Environment: Theodore Roosevelt to Richard Nixon; The Beginning (The President's Environmental RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Refer also to citation(s) 32, 33, 34, 44, 56, 180, 220, 234, 236, 258, 272 96 97 (ERDA--77-80) ERDA FACILITIES: A NATIONAL RESOURCE FOR RESOLVING ENERGY PROBLEMS. (Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, D.C. (USA)). 10 Aug 1977. 370p. Dep. NTIS, PC A17/MF A01. The extensive facilities and human resources of the Energy Research and Development Administration will play a key role in pursuing the goals of a consolidated Department of Energy. ERDA's extensive scientific, engineering, production, and administration capabilities are distributed nationwide. They consist of twelve field and project offices, seven government-operated (in-house) laboratories, and thirty-eight contractoroperated laboratory, engineering and production facilities in 26 states. The total contractor and Federal employment approaches 100,000 of which 99 percent are contractor employees. The responsibility of this office has been the overall coordination of the diverse and dispersed field organization to ensure a field resource capability of supporting and carrying out the many missions of ERDA. This interim document has been prepared with the objective of providing current information in a quick reference, yet comprehensive, format. It is designed for internal use as a management tool to aid in reorganization decision making and as a source of general information for new DOE employees. The following text describes ERDA's management structure and the current program activities, staffing and funding levels, and unique capabilities of each of ERDA's facilities for responding to the nation's energy priorities. (PB--266765) THE REPORTING OF FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES APPLIED TO INNOVATION. FINAL REPORT. Soergel, D.G. (DGS Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. (USA)). 18 Apr 1977. 32p. NTIS PC A03/MF A01. The report presents a system of reporting Federal funding of research and development which is based on the design progression phases of the innovative process. The research objectives of the report are to realign Federal R and D expenditures to the phases of innovation in which such expenditures are incurred, of locating different types of performers within the innovative process, and of illustrating such realignments for the solar energy mission of the ERDA. The study is limited to investigation of federally funded R and D resource expenditures in hardware production areas. The conceptual approach to design progression reporting is based on six supply-oriented design progression phases within the innovative process and a demandoriented category of mission needs and goals which is delineated through six mission levels. 98 As an illustrative example, current Federal R and D resource data for the solar electric technology mission is realigned to this conceptual framework. 1978 ERDA AUTHORIZATION. VOLUME I. HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, NINETY-FIFTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, FEBRUARY 22, 1977. Washington, DC; Committee on Science and Technology (1977). 1391p. GPO. The Committee on Science and Technology, Rep. Walter Flowers presiding, met to discuss the FY 1977 authorization, FY 1978 authorization, and the budget of ERDA. Dr. Robert Fri, Acting Administrator of ERDA, was accompanied by the Assistant Administrator of each of the ERDA programs. Dr. Fri observed that in the 1978 authorization bill appropriations totaling $7.653 billion would be requested. This includes the following: for energy R, D, and D, $3.921 billion, up from $3.010 billion in 1977, an increase of 30 percent; for national security activities $2.137 billion, up from $1.735 billion in 1977, an increase of 23 percent; a net of $719 million for uranium enriching activities, which reflect program activities of $1.685 billion offset by revenues of $966 million; for basic research and technology development $673 million, up from $573 million in 1977, an increase of 17 percent; and for program management and support $303 million, up from $288 million in 1977, an increase of 5 percent. Dr. Fri answered questions from the committee after analyzing the requests. The appendix consists of Books I--V dealing in depth with budgetary data, specifically appropriations for operating expenses and plant and capital equipment. (MCW) From American Nuclear Society executive seminar on nuclear energy centers; Arlington, Virginia, United States of America (USA) (26 Apr 1977). The sociopolitical ramifications of nuclear energy centers, as emerging from a case study in Ocean County, New Jersey, are examined from the standpoint of identifying key issues of public controversy, and with emphasis on implications for national energy planning and the course of nuclear debate. Various dimensions of institutional tension are analyzed, including interstate issues and federal preemption, and the ability of the institutional and political framework to address the many equity issues that are exacerbated by clustered siting. The evolution of public attitudes, and the subsequent mobilization of effective political channels in opposition to proposed NEC's are discussed in light of New Jersey experience. The degree to which energy centers affect public attitudes to nuclear power is identified as the key issue requiring further analysis before widespread implementation of the concept can be advocated. 100 (CONF-760744--, pp 201-321) TECHNOLOGY OF THE LIGHT WATER REACTOR FUEL CYCLE. Wymer, R.G. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN). Apr 1977. From Conference on energy sources of the future; Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America (USA) (5 Jul 1976). A very detailed discussion of the LWR fuel cycle is given. (LK) 101 (CONF-760744--, pp 347-357) NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS. Taylor, T.B. (Princeton Univ., NJ). Apr 1977. From Conference on energy sources of the future; Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America (USA) (5 Jul 1976). Safeguarding of nuclear facilities and nuclear materials against purposeful abuse for destructive purposes is discussed. Energy alternatives to nuclear fission are considered, not only in terms of economics and technical practicality, but also in terms of environmental impact, risk of accidents, international political and military stability, and a number of other factors. (LK) 102 (CONF-760744--, pp 369-388) ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND THE PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS FOR THE LICENSING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. Struxness, E.G. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN). Apr 1977. From Conference on energy sources of the future; Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America (USA) (5 Jul 1976). The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) established the nation's policy of protecting the environment. The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) then, and the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) now, have enlisted the aid of three national laboratories, including Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), to assist in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements required by NEPA in connection with the licensing of nuclear power plants. The ORNL approach to the assessment of potential environmental impacts and the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) for the NRC and the manner in which the EIS is used in NRC's licensing procedure are described. 103 (CONF-760744--, pp 323-346) SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. Cottrell, W.B. (Dak Ridge National Lab., TN). Apr 1977. From Conference on energy sources of the future; Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America (USA) (5 Jul 1976). Controversial issues concerning nuclear power are discussed, including: (1) occupational health impacts of electrical generation by various power plants; (2) routine releases from nuclear power plants; (3) abnormal occurrences in reactor operations; (4) risk of fatalities due to both natural and mancaused events; (5) operating availability and capacity of various types of electrical generating plants; (6) safeguards--plutonium diversion; and (7) radioactive waste disposal. Some of the concepts of nuclear fusion reactions, advanced fusion fuels, environmental impacts, etc., are explored using the following general outline: I. Principles of Fusion (Nuclear Fuels and Reactions, Lawson Condition, n tau vs T, Nuclear Burn Characteristics); II. Magnetic Mirror Possibilities (the Ion Layer and Electron Layer, Exponential Build-up at MeV energies, Lorentz trapping at GeV energies); III. Pellet Fuel Fusion Prospects (Advanced Pellet Fuel Fusion Prospects, Burn Characteristics and Applications, Excitationheating Prospects for Runaway Ion Temperatures). Inasmuch as the outline is very skeletal, a significant research and development effort may be in order to evaluate these prospects in more detail and hopefully harness the H-bomb' for peaceful applications, the author concludes. 28 references. (MCW) (McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., St. Louis, Mo. (USA)). Mar 1977. 65p. Dep. NTIS, PC A04/MF A01. A four-man month study was undertaken to identify utility requirements of fusion power and define a role for the utilities in the fusion development process during the 1980s. This report, preliminary in nature, serves mainly as a planning document for future requirements analyses. A requirements organization was defined to consist of three major chronological phases: research and development, plant installation, and plant operation. Thirty-seven requirements were identified, covering all categories. In addition, training, environment, safety, licensing, and utility model were identified as five matrix-type requirements. As the requirement definition process continued during the study period, comments received from utility representatives revealed a consistency of key issues in the fusion development process. These issues form the basis for the eventual establishment of definitive roles for the utilities during the 1980s. The issues are not meant to reflect a negative view of fusion, but are items that must be solved before fusion can be introduced commercially as an electrical power source. As a result of this requirements study, preliminary candidate roles for the utilities in the fusion development process during the 1980s were identified as public education, commercialization studies, industry investment analyses, training plan implementation, alternate reactor concept development, ERDA concept design review, and requirements refinement. 30 Apr 94p. Dep. 109 The seafloor nuclear power supply (SNPS) concept has been proposed by Atomics International (AI) and Lockheed Petroleum Services, Ltd. (LPS) as a source of electrical energy for subsea pumping of petroleum products. It consists of a small nuclear reactor, moderated by zirconium hydride (ZrH) and cooled by liquid metal (NaK), which drives a 3-MW turbine/generator system using toluene as the working fluid. Arthur D. Little, Inc., was selected to assess the technical and economic feasibility of a SNPS, and to determine if potential applications for a SNPS might exist in offshore-oil-field development schemes where conventional power supplies could not be used. It was determined that the concept is technically feasible, with regard to the nuclear, marine, electrical, and petroleum engineering aspects. However, its initial cost of $14 million and operating expenses of $900,000 per year are considerably more in each case than the costs of conventional alternative power supplies. For the type of field development proposed as an example by LPS, a combination of gas turbines and dc cables would cost about $8 million. Fuel in the form of gas from the wells would be available at near-zero cost in almost all cases of field development, so that operating expenses would be minimal. (EPRI-SR--28) WORKSHOP ON POWER PLANT OPERATOR SELECTION METHODS. Pack, R.W. (Electric Power Research Inst., Palo Alto, Calif. (USA)). Jan 1976. 135p. (CONF7506167--). Dep. NTIS, PC A07/MF A01. From Workshop on power plant operator selection methods; Palo Alto, California, United States of America (USA) (2 Jun 1975). There were about 80 attendees at the workshop, most of whom were utility company people involved in the selection, training, and supervision of power plant operators. The utility members exchanged information on company experiences with selection testing and with guidelines from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and industry standards. Testing services available to utility companies for selection of personnel in power plant operation programs were described. The attendees also discussed research needed on improved operator selection methods, with emphasis on programs suitable for EPRI support. A separate abstract was prepared for each full-length paper for ERDA Energy Research Abstracts (ERA); no individual papers were included in Energy Abstracts for Policy Analysis (EAPA). Adapted from an AEMS paper by R.M. Sandifer and M.S. Pollack, Duke Power. A nuclear power plant model, only 60 percent complete, has helped Duke Power identify over 150 major design interferences, which, when resolved, will help cut capital expense and eliminate scheduling problems that normally crop up as revisions are made during actual plant construction. The model has been used by construction, steam production, and design personnel to recommend changes that should improve material handling, operations, and maintenance procedures as well as simplifying piping and cabling. The company has already saved many man-hours in material take-off, material management, and detailed drafting and expects to save even more with greater use of, and improvement in, its modeling program. Duke's modeling program was authorized and became operational in November 1974, with the first model to be the Catawba Nuclear Station. This plant is a two-unit station using Westinghouse nuclear steam supply systems in tandem with General Electric turbinegenerators, horizontal feedwater heaters, and Foster Wheeler triple pressure condensers. Each unit is rated 1142 MWe. 111 (ERDA-tr--303) PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS INVESTIGATIONS IN NUCLEAR ENERGETICS. Dollezhar, N.A.; Melent'yev, L.A. [nd]. Translation of USSR report. 19p. Dep. NTIS, PC A02/MF A01. The following topics are discussed: (1) selection of optimum long-term stragegy for the development of nuclear power; (2) determination of the economically desirable and realistically achievable share of nuclear fuel in the fuelenergy balance of the USSR; and (3) establishment of the most effective utilization of nuclear power plants and electric power systems. 112 MIGRATION OF URANIUM AND THORIUM: EXPLORATION SIGNIFICANCE. Gabelman, J.W. Tulsa, OK; American Association of Petroleum Geologists (1977). 173p. This presentation deals with the problems and progress of radioelement geology and exploration. The ways in which uranium in the earth's crust might concentrate into economic deposits are discussed, and what industry can expect from any given exploration effort for uranium and thorium is considered. The idea is advanced that, in most past exploration, too much geologic thought has been channeled to one or two known types of uranium deposits. There are 16 chapters in this publication, entitled: Introduction; Fundamental Sources of Uranium and Thorium; Goechemistry of Uranium and Thorium; Mechanisms of Uranium and Thorium Transfer to the Crust; Diatreme Feeding of Uranium; Migration of Mantle-Derived Uranium and Thorium within the Crust; Shallow uranium Mobilization Processes; Fixation of Uranium; Cycles of Uranium and Thorium; Oceanic Migration History of Uranium and Thorium, Orogenic Continental-Margin History; Taphrogenic Continental-Margin History; Craton History; Geochemical Distinction of Uranium Mineralization Processes; Underemphasized Processes of uranium Mineralization; and Conclusions. An extensive bibliography is appended, followed by a computerized KWIC-type index. (BLM) 1977. vp. NTIS $6.00. The conclusions and recommendations of a panel evaluating effectiveness in the regulation of nuclear facilities are presented. 114 (NUREG--0199) ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND THE SITING OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES: THE INTEGRATION OF WATER, AIR, COASTAL, AND COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING INTO THE NUCLEAR SITING PROCESS. IMPROVING REGULATORY EFFECTIVENESS IN FEDERAL/STATE SITING ACTIONS. Noble, J.B.; Epting, J.T.; Blumm, M.C.; Ackerman, S.; Laist, D.W. (Center for Natural Areas, Washington, D.C. (USA)). Feb 1977. 209p. NTIS $7.75. The National Environmental Policy Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Clean Air Act Amendments, and the Housing and Urban 701 Comprehensive Planning Assistance Program are discussed in relation to the planning and siting of nuclear facilities. 115 (NUREG--0203) STATE AND LOCAL PLANNING PROCEDURES DEALING WITH SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. Curry, M.; Goodrieght, J.; Green, M.; Merwin, D.; Smith, R. (Battelle Human Affairs Research Center, Seattle, Wash. (USA)). Jan 1977. 259p. NTIS $9.00. The roles of state and local agencies in planning for and managing social and economic impacts of nuclear power plants are studied. In order to be effective in these roles state and local agencies must work with each other as well as the NRC. A comparative case study approach is used which analyzes six sites in three West Coast states. The case studies included plants in operation, plants under construction, and plants still in the planning stages. In contrast to some states, all three of these states have moderately centralized procedures for siting power plants, and all have strong environmental laws. 117 (ORAU/IEA--76-4) ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF A U.S. NUCLEAR MORATORIUM, 1985--2010. Whittle, C.E.; Allen, E.L.; Cooper, C.L.; MacPherson, H. G.; Phung, D.L.; Poole, A.D.; Pollard, W.G.; Rotty, R.M.; Treat, N.L.; Weinberg, A.M. (Institute for Energy Analysis, Oak Ridge, Tenn. (USA)). Sep 1976. Contract EY-76-C-05-0033. 77p. Dep. NTIS, PC A06/MF A01. This study assesses some economic and environmental implications of a nuclear moratorium in the United States. The moratorium is assumed to prohibit new construction starts of reactors after 1980, but to allow continued operation of reactors on line by 1985. Though the main focus is the period between 1980 and 2010, some consideration is given to the implications of a permanent loss of the nuclear option. From International symposium on uranium supply and demand; London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) (Jun 1976). Papers were presented on the pattern of uranium production in South Africa; Australian uranium--will it ever become available; North American uranium resources, policies, prospects, and pricing; economic and political environment of the uranium mining industry; alternative sources of uranium supply; whither North American demand for uranium; and uranium demand and security of supply--a consumer's point of view. (LK) Most of the large U.S. utilities were surveyed by telephone and mail on questions concerning nuclear power plant siting and nuclear energy centers (NECs). The main purpose of the survey was for guidance of ERDA's NEC program. The questions covered the following topics: availability of sites; impact of environmental and other restraints; plans for development of multi-unit sites; interest in NEC development; interest in including fuelcycle facilities in NECs; and opinions on the roles desired for the state and Federal governments in power plant siting. The main conclusion of the survey was that, while many utilities were considering multiple-unit sites of 2 to 5 units, none were planning larger energy centers at the present time. However, several expressed interest in NECs as a longrange future development. 120 (P--5739) CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISON OF NUCLEAR REACTOR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES. deLeon, P. (Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. (USA)). Oct 1976. 53p. (CONF-7610102--1). Rand Corp., Santa Monica, CA $5.00. From 2. international congress on technology assessment; Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America (USA) (24 Oct 1976). This paper discusses most of the variables or factors that have been advanced to explain the success or failure of the various national nuclear reactor programs. From the comparative analysis of these experiences, it is apparent that the inclusion of the relevant factors in the technology delivery systems'' (TDS) and multiple research approaches offer the most convincing evidence explaining the ultimate acceptance/rejection of the national RD and D programs. It is equally apparent that these two variables are closely related. The policy implications which might thus be drawn from this cross-national survey suggest the inclusion of all the relevant actions in the RD and D process (i.e., ex cathedra policies are likely to fail) and the preservation of multiple research approaches until the major technical uncertainties are resolved. Many might consider these as obvious, but a brief review of the U.S. development of the FBR gives one reason to wonder if the 'obvious' lessons of the LWR development have, in fact, been recognized, let alone appreciated. (auth) Commission, Washington, D.C. (USA). Office of State Programs). May 1977. 183p. (NUREG-0195). NTIS PC A09/MF A01. During the past few years, there has been a growing belief on the part of States, other Federal agencies, the utilities, regional groupings, and the environmental community that the present regulatory system for siting nuclear facilities is far from effective. Many people suggest that too much time, talent, and money is wasted in coming to decisions on environmental matters, and all segments of society do not feel well served. It is argued that the time sequencing on environment decisionmaking is wrong, and that there are many areas of duplication and overlap. The States are not satisfied that their role in siting decisions is sufficiently understood or recognized. Many statements by public interest groups and individuals indicate that in some way public confidence and understanding must be improved. There is much concern expressed that the public does not have timely opportunity to see or understand the long term system plans of utilities and that the identification of specific sites takes place too late to avoid a clash of commitments. All parties with a stake in the outcome appear to believe that the delays built into the present system of environmental decisionmaking can and should be remedied so that timely decisions, whether negative or affirmative, can be made. The report presents a discussion of these matters. 122 (PB--267380) SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS: NUCLEAR POWER STATION SITING. (Policy Research Associates, State College, Pa. (USA)). Jun 1977. Contract AT(49-24)-0361. 150p. NTIS PC A07/MF A01. The rural industrial development literature is used to gain insights on the socioeconomic effects of nuclear power stations. Previous studies of large industrial facilities in small towns have important implications for attempts to understand and anticipate the impacts of nuclear stations. Even a cursory review of the nuclear development literature, however, reveals that industrialization research in rural sociology, economic geography and agricultural economics has been largely ignored. 124 COAL-URANIUM BREEDER: URANIUM FROM COAL. Smith, K.R. (Univ. of California, Berkeley). Energy (Oxford); 2: No. 2, 171-177(Jun 1977). Evidence exists that much of the coal in the Western United States contains an appreciable amount of uranium. While not concentrated enough to be directly considered as a uranium resource, this uranium is enriched in the ash remaining after the coal is burned. Consequently, some coal ashes have concentrations of uranium which would classify them as intermediate-grade uranium ores (100500 ppM). A combined facility, herein named a Coal-Uranium Breeder, which generated electricity or gas from coal and processed the ash to produce uranium could make available more nuclear energy than it consumed as fossil energy, depending on the reactor type and other |