the annual convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers in Chicago on Friday, February 28, 1958.

He charged that America's public educational system is obsolete and incredibly poor, and he declared if the Federal Government goes through with plans to provide $2 billion for science scholarships, at least half will be a pure waste of money.

It will put the Government in the position of handing to people who already have made a mess of things more money with which to do more wrong.

Mr. CHAIRMAN. I am not using language as strong as that, but I do plan to quote whenever the spirit moves me.

Furthermore, he said:

Our schools are not fulfilling what should be their main function-basic education and the stimulation of minds. Pupils spend half their time learning social graces, automobile driving, and in building their bodies.

COMMENTS OF DEAN GEORGE HARRISON, OF MIT

Here in Washington on the following day, Saturday, March 1, was held a Massachusetts Institute of Technology regional convention at the Shoreham Hotel. At this convention, George R. Harrison, dean of the MIT School of Science, as reported by the Washington Post of March 2, told the group that American education is "rotting at the roots" because of "progressive education." This type of education was needed to break the "shell" around the educational system at one time, he said, but a "new shell" must now be developed.

"Students coming to MIT cannot read, write, or spell," the science dean complained, "and some do not know the alphabet."

I have been told, by the way, that in 1 of the 96 offices in the Senate, an assistant to a Senator cannot look up a word in the dictionary because he does not know the alphabet. He is not the only one.

"Truckdrivers know more than teachers," he continued, "but this is to be expected, because they are better paid."

At the same meeting, Dr. Killian in his final remarks warned against an overemphasis on the role of the scientists. Humility and a sense of proportion are needed, he said, to prevent an adverse reaction to science.

DANGEROUS WEAKNESS AT HEART OF AMERICAN SOCIETY

These various authorities are by no means the only ones who have called attention to the real educational crisis, which is in the type of training-if training it can be called-that is all too common in the secondary schools of our country.

This training constitutes a dangerous weakness at the very heart of American society. It is to strengthen the preparation of our young people for the hard world of a cold war indefinitely prolonged, of a hot war that may break out at any time, and of that stalemate of terror which overhangs their lives, that I have sought to modify the administration bill by introducing S. 3157, with the cosponsorship of Mr. Cooper, Mr. Bricker, and Mr. Cotton.

(The text of S. 3157 follows:)

[S. 3157, 85th Cong., 2d sess.]

AMENDMENTS (in the nature of a substitute) Intended to be proposed by Mr. FLANDERS (for himself, Mr. COOPER, Mr. BRICKER, and Mr. COTTON) to the bill (S. 3157) to establish a Federal scholarship program in order to assist promising students to obtain college and university undergraduate educations, viz: Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert in lieu thereof the following:

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

SECTION 1. The purpose of this Act is to encourage promising students to continue their formal education in institutions of higher learning after completing their secondary education. It further is intended to develop a program in support of National Scholars for the purpose of emphasizing to our youth the national importance of such achievement.

ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL SCHOLARSHIP BOARD

SEC. 2. (a) There is hereby established within the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare an independent body to be known as the National Scholarship Board (hereinafter referred to as the "Board"). Such Board shall consist of thirteen members to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, as follows:

(1) Four members who are recognized scholars in any of the following fields: Engineering, mathematics, or science.

(2) Four members who are recognized scholars in the field of humanities. (3) Five members from such fields of endeavor as the President deems appropriate, but it is recommended that one such member shall be appointed from among persons engaged in private educational work.

It shall be the duty of the Board to carry out the scholarship program provided for in this Act, and the members of the Board shall be appointed to serve until the termination of such program. Any vacancy on the Board shall not affect its powers, but shall be filled in the same manner in which the original appointment was made.

(b) Members of the Board shall receive compensation at the rate of $50 for each day engaged in carrying out this Act, and shall be entitled to receive an allowance for actual and necessary travel and subsistence expenses while serving away from their places of residence.

(c) The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare is authorized and directed to provide such services and facilities to the Board as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

SEC. 3. The Board shall make such rules and regulations as it deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act. All actions of the Board shall be by majority vote of the members thereof.

AWARD OF SCHOLARSHIPS

SEC. 4. (a) The Board shall establish principles and policies to be followed in the selection of individuals to be awarded scholarships. Such principles and policies shall provide for the selection of individuals to be awarded scholarships by objective examinations designed to measure achievement, such as the Cooperative Achievement Test of the Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey. As part of such examination, the Board shall require every student competing for a scholarship under this Act to submit an original theme or composition written in English, as well as a written translation, of such material as the Board may prescribe, from English into a foreign language and from a foreign language into English. Scholarships awarded by the Board shall be known as "National Scholarships."

(b) To be eligible to compete for a National Scholarship, an individual (1) must be in his last academic year of secondary school or must hold a certificate of graduation from a school providing secondary education, and (2) must make application for such scholarship in accordance with such rules and regulations as the Board may prescribe.

(c) No person shall be eligible for a scholarship under this Act who is eligible for education or training under part VIII of Veterans Regulations Numbered I (a), title II of the Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952, or the War Orphans' Educational Assistance Act of 1956.

(d) Examinations for determining National Scholarship winners shall be scheduled by the Board so as to permit the announcement of winners not later than the first week of March in each year that such scholarships are awarded.

(e) There are authorized to be awarded one thousand National Scholarships for education beginning in the academic school year (as defined by the Board) which begins in the calendar year 1959. One thousand scholarships are authorized to be awarded for education beginning in each of the academic school years beginning in 1960, 1961, and 1962. One-half of the scholarships awarded each year shall be awarded to persons desiring to engage in the study of science and mathematics (not including premedical study) and one-half of the scholarships awarded each year shall be awarded to persons desiring to engage in the study of nonscience and nonmathematic courses. Not less than five scholarships shall be awarded in each such year in each State and in the District of Columbia; and not less than three scholarships shall be awarded in each such year in the Territory of Alaska, not less than three in the Territory of Hawaii, and not less than three in Puerto Rico. National Schlarships shall be awarded to those persons in each State, District of Columbia Territory, or Puerto Rico, as the case may be, who attain the highest results on the examination provided by the Board. The remainder of the one thousand scholarships each year shall be awarded to those persons who attain the highest results on such examination regardless of their place of residence.

(f) All recipients of National Scholarships shall receive a certificate signed by the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare designating the recipient as a "National Scholar."

INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING TO BE ATTENDED

SEC. 5. A person awarded a National Scholarship may attend any institution of higher learning which will admit him if such institution is accredited by one of the following regional accrediting associations: Middle States Assocation of Colleges and Secondary Schools; New England Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools; North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools; Northwest Association of Secondary and Higher Schools; Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools; Western College Association.

AMOUNT AND DURATION OF SCHOLARSHIPS

SEC. 6. (a) The scholarship allowance to be paid each academic year to a person awarded a National Scholarship shall be determined for each academic year by the Board (1) on the basis of the financial need of such person after consultation with the parents or legal guardian of such person, and (2) on the basis of the estimated expenses which will be incurred for such year in attending the educational institution in which such person is enrolled. In no event shall such allowance for any such year exceed $2,500, nor shall such allowance for the first year be less than $500. The scholarship allowance shall be paid in such manner and at such times as the Board may prescribe.

(b) The scholarship allowance herein provided for shall be granted for a period of time not to exceed four academic years, or such longer period as is normally required to complete the undergraduate curriculum which the recipient is pursuing; but in no event shall such allowance be paid beyond the completion by the recipient of the work for his first post-secondary-school degree. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, the scholarship allowance shall be paid only so long as the recipient (1) devotes substantially full time during the academic school year to educational work at the educational institution which he is attending, and (2) maintains the standards and requirements prescribed by the institution he is attending and those prescribed by the Board. If the recipient fails to maintain such standards and requirements, his National Scholarship shall be terminated and he shall be dropped from the program.

(c) No scholarship allowances awarded by the Board under the provisions of this Act shall be paid after the end of the fourth calendar year following the calendar year in which the last scholarships are awarded under section 4 of this Act.

ALLOCATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS

SEC. 7. All moneys not required to be expended each fiscal year in carrying out the program for National Scholarships shall be allocated by the Board and paid to the States in the same ratio that National Scholarships were distributed among the States in such fiscal year. The funds made available to the States shall be used by the States for the purpose of providing a State scholarship program. Each State shall prescribe and administer its own scholarship program, including the manner in which scholarships shall be awarded, the duration of such scholarships, and whether recipients of such scholarships shall receive grants or loans. In the selection of scholarship winners, the States shall take into account a student's standing in the National Scholarship examinations, if such student has taken such examination.

APPROPRIATIONS

SEC. 8. (a) There are hereby authorized to be appropriated for National Scholarship payments and State scholarship programs provided for in this Act $3,000,000 for the fiscal year 1960, $6,000,000 for the fiscal year 1961, $9,000,000 for the fiscal year 1962, $12,000,000 for the fiscal year 1963, $9,000,000 for the fiscal year 1964, $6,000,000 for the fiscal year 1965, and $3,000,000 for the fiscal year 1966.

(b) There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such amounts as may be necessary for administrative expenses, but no amount shall be appropriated for such purpose in any fiscal year exceeding 2 per centum of the amount actually appropriated for such fiscal year pursuant to subsection (a).

DEFINITIONS

SEC. 9. As used in this Act the term "State" means the several States, the District of Columbia, the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Amend the title so as to read: "A bill to establish a national scholarship program for the purpose of strengthening basic scholarship in the secondary schools of the United States, and thereby to assist in providing the mathematicians, scientists, and engineers needed for the national defense, and to encourage high standards of education in order to enhance the usefulness and the personal satis factions of the coming generation of American citizens."

Senator FLANDERS. This bill has a very simple purpose. It is to put so high a premium on real scholarship that the demand for it will arise spontaneously from parents and students. It likewise seeks to establish competition in scholarship between the secondary schools of a State, and between the States themselves.

For this purpose, the maximum rewards of scholarship are set very high so that the opportunities present themselves to the students and their parents as a bright and shining star directing them toward the paths of true learning, whether to the sciences, mathematics, engineering or the humanities.

As between these branches of scholarship, no distinction is made, nor should one be made, so long as the studies cover a broad field into which the student can sink deep roots.

PROVISIONS OF S. 3157

Briefly, S. 3157 provides, first, for a supervisory board of 13 members to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Four members are to be recognized scholars in any of the fields of engineering, mathematics, or science. Four members are to be recognized scholars in the fields of the humanities. Five members are to be appointed from such fields of endeavor as the President deems appropriate, but it is recommended that one such member shall be appointed from among persons engaged in private educa

tional work. This supervision by scholars in the subject matter, rather than in the theory, of education is one distinguishing feature of this bill.

The Board shall establish principles and policies to be followed in the selection of individuals to be awarded scholarships. They shall preferably be based on examinations designed to measure achievement such as the cooperative achievement test of the Educational Testing Service, Princeton, N. J.

It is an additional requirement that the Board shall require every student competing for a scholarship under this act to submit an original theme or composition written in English, as well as a written translation, of such material as the Board may prescribe, from English into a foreign language and from a foreign language into English. This written work is to be judged for spelling, grammar, and

content.

This dependence on examinations is supported by high authority. In a recent address before the National Association of Secondary School Principals, Dr. James B. Conant quoted approvingly another speaker who

went on to point out that test scores have certain advantages as compared with school marks. They furnish-at any grade level—a standardized, comparable set of observations of pupils who may have had different teachers and come from different schools with different marking systems.

ONE THOUSAND "NATIONAL SCHOLARSHIPS"

Scholarships awarded by the Board shall be known as national scholarships. There is authorized to be awarded 1,000 national scholarships, beginning in the next academic school year. This is as distinguished from the 40,000 called for by S. 3187. Even 10,000 will be embarrassing to the colleges and universities. The 40,000, with its maximum after the third year of 160,000 current scholarships, put an impossible load on our institutions of higher learning. They do not have the facilities, the personnel, or the finances to carry that load.

The $1,000 scholarship is only a pittance for the overburdened institutes, such a terrific burden for them to carry. The recipients are then to be selected on the basis of competitive examinations which, so far as possible, shall be merely an extension of existing examinations of achievement for college entrance.

Five such scholarships are to be allotted to the 5 students with highest marks for each State, 5 for the District of Columbia, and 3 each for Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico.

The balance of the 1,000 scholarships, 746 in all, shall be awarded to the top ranking applicants in these examinations on a nationwide basis. In this way each State will be assured of representation in the national scholarship body on the one hand, and have on the other hand an opportunity to compare with the other States and territories its ability to produce scholars.

OPPORTUNITY FOR COMPARISON

Similarly within the States the various local school authorities, the parents and the students will have an opportunity to compare the ability of other school systems within the State. This rivalry it is