The college systems in California all have very high entrance requirements. The University of California requirements will admit only the top 5 or 10 percent of high-school graduates. The State college system will admit only the top 45 percent, or 40 percent of our high-school graduates. So we can find many students in the junior colleges, so-called late bloomers, as they call them, who have been denied because of their, perhaps, inattention or lack of interest or motivation in high school the opportunity to go to college. They didn't make the grade point average that is required.

For these students we offer remedial courses of all types. They have to make a C average to stay in the junior college. We do not let them loaf there. We do not let them stay there unless they are serious and their intentions are proven by their grades and grade point average. But we do give them this last opportunity to qualify themselves for the colleges or universities.

GREAT WASTE OF BRAINPOWER

Senator MORSE. I appreciate this testimony.

I want to file, however, a respectful warning. I think the witness is talking now about one of the great wastes of brainpower in the American educational system today, because so many of our college administrators are impressed with inadequate facilities, inadequate financial support, that they are setting up so many very false standards of selection.

This matter of high scholastic record, with a certain popular 5 or 10 percent, is a very questionable standard. It is resulting in a denial of college training to thousands of very able potential students. I consider it one of the great fallacies in college selection today.

If we could supply the funds we would save a lot of these boys and girls that are being thrown away.

With 21 years of teaching behind me in college, I want to say that very many C high-school students have the potentialities for being able college students. What happens to a high-school boy and girl time and time again in that intervening year-maybe a year of 2 years after high school is remarkable.

I shall testify about it shortly. We shall talk about this and some of these pending bills in more detail in the committee sessions. I just wanted to register in this record that I do not go along with these college presidents that seem to think that they ought to be granted the right to set themselves up as the determiners of the destiny of thousands of American boys and girls, denying them a college education because they are not up in the upper 5 or 10 percent bracket of the high schools.

There is one criterion that I would emphasize. There is only one criterion. The sad thing is that too many of our college presidents and deans of college are making it the exclusive test, and it is a great waste of manpower.

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Patrick, we certainly want to thank you for your able statement here this morning. We appreciate it very deeply. Mr. H. O. Carlton, director of the North Georgia Trade and Vocational School of Clarkesville, Ga. We will put your statement in full in the record.

Mr. CARLTON. If you will, please, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Then you may proceed to summarize it.

Senator MORSE. I do not want the last witness to think that my statements represent any disagreement with the excellence of his statement. It is a fine statement, and I think you are doing a great job there. Every once in a while somebody has to run up a warning flag.

Mr. PATRICK. Thank you.

STATEMENT OF H. O. CARLTON, DIRECTOR, NORTH GEORGIA TRADE AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOL, CLARKESVILLE, GA.

Mr. CARLTON. I would like to say that I have been in public education in the State of Georgia for 33 years. Eleven of that has been in general education as principal and superintendent in the hometown of the late Senator Walter F. George. The last 22 years have been with the State department as an assistant supervisor for trade and industrial education, and as director of 1 of the 2 trade schools. Mr. Chairman, I shall take only a few moments to summarize the statement that you have. I want to present a picture of the need in our State for the type of education that we have heard about from the gentleman who preceded me.

The North Georgia Trade School was established 14 years ago and thrown out in the northeast part of Georgia in an old college setup with inadequate buildings, combined with the attitude of "You can sink or swim."

GROWING ENROLLMENT

A little money was given each year to support it. No tuition was charged, it being a free public school, but from that 2 or 3 courses started in January 1944. We have today 21 major areas of instruction. We have handled 7,000 students. We are enrolling each year, at the present time under our system of continuous enrollment, better than 1,000 students.

I mention that to show you that the people of Georgia, as soon as they are learning about this opportunity, are flocking to our doors. We have, and have had for the past several years, a large waiting list, at times better than 200, and this has presented a problem since many of these young people have become discouraged by not being able to get into school for 6 or 8 months, and they have gone into unskilled jobs. That is now presenting a problem to industry.

INDUSTRY DEMAND FOR TRAINING PROGRAMS

Industry has also asked that the school facilities be expanded. Industry has had training programs. Just recently the personnel manager of Southern Bell Telephone Co., its training director, and the Georgia personnel director for the Bell Telephone Co., came to our school. They spent a day. They wanted additional training. They said they just could not do it; they did not have the personnel, they did not have the setup, and their own program could not adequately supply the technical help needed since the telephones have become automated to an extent that we can call over the country. It has become a pressing problem with industry.

Sears, Roebuck in the Southeast has asked for technicians in the various phases of their repair work, and so forth.

One thing that is confronting us at the North Georgia Trade School, and always has, is the tremendous race to find enough dollars from the State, which is already putting more than 50 percent of each tax dollar in education, to keep up with the demand of our young people for this type of training, and to keep up with the demand of industry for these young people.

We have enlarged shops, we have built new buildings using our bricklaying class and our technicians there on the campus.

GREATER EFFORT BY SOUTHERN STATES

Senator MORSE. May I interrupt the witness at this point to tell you that I am glad to have a statement as to the percentage of the tax dollars in Georgia that is being spent for educational purposes and that you have made a study of Southern tax dollars. That is true, generally, of the South and it needs to be brought out because there is a lot of misunderstanding across this Nation about what is going on in the South, educationalwise.

The fact is that the percentage that the South spends for education is a higher percentage than some of the Northern States. But there is still a problem in some sections of the South that your tax base is based upon total wealth, total taxable wealth. It is so much less in some parts of the country, and that brings so much of the product out of the South that you are putting an undue burden, for example, on real property throughout the South.

It is true across the country, as I will point out later this morning. I am glad you mentioned this. I always like to hit this myth that I run into about the so-called low standards of education in the South. The South has had some very serious educational problems, but it is not to be found in a lack of desire on the part of the people in the South to support schools. Percentagewise, they do a remarkably good job. They just haven't got the base on which to raise enough money. That is why, as I will point out later this morning, I am such a strong supporter for Federal support for education.

I am a little disturbed that some Southern politicians (with rare exceptions, like our chairman this morning) have not made a careful study of the Southern educational problems, as this witness and the distinguished Senator Hill have.

GEORGIA'S NEEDS

Mr. CARLTON. Mr. Chairman, I would like to just make a statement as to our needs.

Georgia ranks at the top of States at the present time in new industries that have come in. It is presenting a pressing problem that I am not sure that we will be able to handle, even to a medium degree.

There is one thing I think that stands out in the presentations today, and I know it stands out in my own mind, that training must become more technical because industry is moving in that direction, and the area of the unskilled workers, the semiskilled workers is fast disappearing, and we must provide it.

The CHAIRMAN. National defense is moving so much more in that direction.

Mr. CARLTON. We, or somebody, must provide this training.

I would like to submit to you that for the past 40 years vocational education has been busy developing a process by which adequate and sound training for skills of the trades on the farm, in the factory. or wherever they may be, has a setup that is ready and willing at any time to meet changing conditions. The big handicap throughout this whole period, as our good friend, Mr. Rasche, says, is that they have given us factory buildings, poor facilities that are ill-suited to the needs.

Today we are designing our shops in Georgia before the architect gets the go-ahead signal on a new building. We have a half million dollars worth of buildings under construction at the present time. They are made to fit the job. We believe in doing things that way.

ELECTRONICS PROGRAM COSTING $100,000

Even though the job gets too big for us at times, we never give up; we go right ahead with it.

I believe we are gradually lifting ourselves by our bootstraps, so to speak.

With regard to new types of equipment, we have made a preliminary estimate that in order to put in the electronics program that industry is demanding and that the space age requires, it will cost us $100,000.

Our State provides this sum, $20,000 to $25,000 a year, for additional equipment at the school.

We have found that surplus equipment does not meet the need, as has been stated. It is antiquated. Industry is discarding it. We have found very little of that that is really worth the effort and the cost of moving it at the present time.

Gentlemen, I believe if we can get some assistance along the areas of this bill, especially for equipment, we can sell our people on buildings. But, still, it takes a long time and a lot of know-how to realize the need for $100,000 of equipment in one shop.

If we can get this needed help, it will help inspire local people to do better.

So I submit to you gentlemen my testimony in behalf of continued support and additional support to help us over the hump that faces us at the present time.

Thank you.

The CHAIRMAN. Any questions?

Senator MoRSE. No.

(Full text of statement by H. O. Carlton follows:)

The North Georgia Trade and Vocational School is 1 of 2 State trade schools administered by the State department of education under the State board for Vocational education. The North Georgia Trade School is located in the northeastern section of the State at Clarkesville, and the South Georgia Trade School is in the southwestern section of the State at Americus.

These schools were established with two main objectives in mind: (1) To provide education in the skilled trades for students in rural areas who live too far from a trade or technical school to commute daily for training. (2) To provide a place where training in the skills of the rarer occupations could be given on an economical basis. These are those occupations for which 1 or 2

schools in the State will provide sufficient skilled workers to supply normal requirements in the State. A third objective has been added in the last few days by the designation of the schools as area trade schools-this in addition to their function as statewide schools.

The North Georgia Trade School has a campus and farm area of 335 acres, with 2 dormitories, 8 shop buildings (including large and small), a gymnasium, and a housing project for married students with families. At present the school has under construction a new cafeteria and kitchen, girls' dormitory for 100 students, and an electronics building with an area of 40,000 square feet.

The farm produces beef and dairy products, poultry products, and some pork for use of the school.

The South Georgia Trade School has a building program including a girls' dormitory, an electronics building, and an automotive mechanics building. These new building programs at both schools will only partially meet the tremendous demand for training in the State.

THE PROGRAM

The North Georgia Trade School offers education in the skills of the following trades and occupations: Automotive mechanics, automotive body repair, bricklaying, cosmetology, dry cleaning, laundry, electric motor repair, electric appliance repair, machinist trade, photography, practical nursing, radio and TV repair, radio communications, refrigeration and air conditioning, business education, shoe repairing, small air-cooled motor repair, watch, clock, and jewelry repair, woodworking and carpentry.

The South Georgia Trade School has courses in diesel mechanics, aircraft engine, and aircraft mechanics.

Of the above named courses, those in automotive mechanics, the electrical trades, machinist, photography, radio repair and communications, business education, practical nursing, watch, clock, and jewelry repair, diesel mechanics, aircraft engine, and aircraft mechanics are considered vital in this area for national defense.

As soon as the building is completed and adequate equipment can be secured, the school is planning to greatly increase its offering in the field of electronics and instrumentation. This is a slow process since at present Georgia is spending better than 50 percent of its total revenue on education, and funds are not yet available to make outlays of this type except over a period of time.

Another course to be started immediately as soon as funds can be made available is medical laboratory assistant, to help relieve the shortage of these workers in the laboratories of the Hill-Burton hospitals in Georgia. This course is being set up at the specific request of the Medical Association of Georgia.

THE STUDENTS

The North Georgia Trade School has enrolled almost 7,000 students in the 14 years of its existence, and the South Georgia School has enrolled almost 4,000 in the 10 years it has been operating. In the main, the students have been young people between the ages of 16 and 28 years, with approximately 50 percent of them young men back from the armed services and needing training for civilian jobs. The North Georgia Trade School for the past several years has maintained a waiting list of students wanting to enroll, but the school did not have adequate facilities to accept them. At times this list has gone as high as 200 young people wanting to get into the school. This waiting list has been in the areas that seem to be most vital to national defense at the present time; such as machinists, electronics areas, radio communications, et cetera. The capacity of the North Georgia School is at the present time approximately 500 students, and these students stay enrolled from 1 to 21⁄2 years at the school. There is a growing demand by high-school graduates for admission to the school, which cannot be met until additional facilities can be provided. Approximately 40 percent of our young people are high-school graduates at the present time. Georgia has always been noted for its large population of young people, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to provide adequate facilities for training in the skilled trades for these young people who are not planning to live on the farm.

TRAINING FOR DEFENSE

The two trade schools in Georgia are located within very short distances of many defense installations such as Lockheed Aircraft Corp., atomic and hydrogen