No. 1423. SERVICE INDUSTRIES_SUMMARY OF ESTABLISHMENTS WITH PAYROLL, BY STATE: 1982

1 Includes other establishments and receipts, not shown separately. ? Includes services and garages. * For the pay period including March 12. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1982 Census of Service Industries, Geographic Area Series, SC82-A-1 to 51.

No. 1424. Service Industries—Summary Of Establishments With Payroll, By Tax Status:

1977 And 1982
[See Historical Statistics. Colonial Times to 1970, series T391-443 for similar but not comparable data]

Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Bureau of the Census. For data, see tables 1438 and 1439.

Figure 31.2
Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S. – Percent Distribution by Area:
1970 and 1983

Percent o 5 10 15 20 25 30
United Kingdom

Netherlands

Canada

Japan

Germany

Switzerland

Other Europe

Total foreign investment in U.S.:
1970: $13 billion 1983: $136 billion

Other areas

Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Bureau of the Census. For data, see table 1430.

This section presents data on the flow of goods, services, and capital between the United States and other countries; changes in official reserve assets of the United States; international investments; foreign assistance programs; and import duties.

The Bureau of Economic Analysis publishes current figures on U.S. international transactions and the U.S. international investment position in its monthly Survey of Current Business. Figures for earlier periods are presented in Balance of Payments—Statistical Supplement, 1963 revised edition, in the periodic Foreign Grants and Credits by the United States Government, and in the June issues of the Survey of Current Business. Statistics for the foreign aid programs are presented by the Agency for International Development (AID) in its annual U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants and Assistance from International Organizations; and by the Department of Agriculture in its Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United States.

The principal source of merchandise import and export data is the Bureau of the Census. Current data are presented monthly in Report FT 135, U.S. General Imports, Schedule A: Commodity by Country; Report FT 410, U.S. Exports, Schedule E: Commodity by Country, and Report FT 990, Highlights of U.S. Export and Import Trade. The Bureau of the Census Catalog and the Guide to Foreign Trade Statistics lists the Bureau's monthly and annual reports in this field. In addition, the International Trade Administration and the Bureau of Economic Analysis present summary as well as selected commodity and country data for U.S. foreign trade in the Overseas Business Reports and the Survey of Current Business, respectively. The merchandise trade data in the latter source include balance of payments adjustments to the Census data. The Treasury Department's Annual Report of the Secretary contains information on import duties.

International accounts.—The international transactions tables (Nos. 1425-1427) show, for given time periods, the transfer of goods, services, grants, and financial assets and liabilities between the United States and the rest of the world. The international investment position table (No. 1428) presents, for specific dates, the value of U.S. investments abroad and of foreign investments in the United States. The movement of foreign and U.S. capital as presented in the balance of payments is not the only factor affecting the total value of foreign investments. Among the other factors, are changes in the valuation of assets or liabilities, including securities, defaults, expropriations, and write-offs.

Direct investment abroad means ownership or control, direct or indirect, by one U.S. person or business enterprise of 10 percent or more of the voting securities of an incorporated foreign business enterprise or an equivalent interest in an unincorporated foreign business enterprise. Direct investment position is the yearend value of U.S. parents' claims on the equity of, and receivables due from, foreign affiliates less foreign affiliates' receivables due from the United States, ncome consists of U.S. parents' shares in earnings (net of foreign income taxes) of their foreign affiliates plus net interest on intercompany accounts, less withholding taxes on dividends and interests.

Foreign aid.—Foreign assistance is divided into three major categories—grants (military supplies and services and other grants), credits, and other assistance (through net accumulation of foreign currency claims from the sale of agricultural commodities). Grants are transfers for which no payment is expected (other than a limited percentage of the foreign currency "counterpart" funds generated by the grant), or which at most involve an obligation on the part of the receiver to extend aid to the United States or other countries to achieve a common objective. Credits are loan disbursements or transfers under other agreements which give rise to specific obligations to repay, over a period of years, usually with interest. All known returns to the U.S. Government stemming from grants and credits (reverse grants, returns of grants, and payments of principal) are taken into account in net grants and net credits, but no allowance is made for interest or commissions. Other assistance represents the transfer of U.S. farm products in exchange for foreign currencies (plus, since enactment of Public Law 87-128, currency claims from principal and interest collected on credits extended under the farm products program), less the Government's disbursements of the currencies as grants, credits, or for purchases. The net acquisition of currencies represents net transfers of resources to foreign countries under the agricultural programs, in addition to those classified as grants or credits.

Figures as published in the Foreign Grants and Credits series are not identical with figures shown for Government unilateral transfers and capital in the balance of payments, mainly because of differences in treatment of particular items by the two sets of accounts. Such items include contributions to the multilateral construction program of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, government investments in certain productive enterprises abroad, government receipts on funded claims, and net changes in foreign currency holdings resulting from transactions other than those under the farm products program, such as collections of principal and interest and purchases for dollars.

The basic instrument for extending military aid to friendly nations has been the Mutual Defense Assistance Program authorized by the Congress in 1949. Prior to 1952, economic and technical aid was authorized in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1948, the 1950 Act for International Development, and other legislation which set up programs for specific countries. In 1952, these economic, technical, and military aid programs were combined under the Mutual Security Act, which in turn was followed by the Foreign Assistance Act passed in 1961. Appropriations to provide military assistance were also made in the Department of Defense Appropriation Act (rather than the Foreign Assistance Appropriation Act) beginning in 1966 for certain countries in Southeast Asia and in other legislation concerning programs for specific countries (such as Israel). Figures on activity under the Foreign Assistance Act as reported in the Foreign Grants and Credits series differ from data published by AID or its immediate predecessors, due largely to differences in reporting, timing, and treatment of particular items.

Exports.—The Bureau of the Census compiles export data primarily from Shipper's Export Declarations required to be filed with customs officials for shipments leaving the United States. They include U.S. exports under mutual security programs and exclude shipments to U.S. Armed Forces for their own use.

The value reported in the export statistics is generally equivalent to a free alongside ship (fas.) value at the U.S. port of export, based on the transaction price, including inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the U.S. port of exportation. This value, as defined, excludes the cost of loading merchandise aboard the exporting carrier and also excludes freight, insurance, and any other charges or transportation and other costs beyond the U.S. port of exportation. The country of destination is defined as the country of ultimate destination or country where the merchandise is to be consumed, further processed, or manufactured, as known to the shipper at the time of exportation. When ultimate destination is not known, the'shipment is statistically credited to the last country to which the shipper knows the merchandise will be shipped in the same form as exported.

For certain low-valued shipments, the export statistics since July 1953 include estimates based upon selected samples of such shipments with lower and upper value limits of the sampled shipments varying (Canada excepted) from $100-$499 for July 1953-September 1969, $251-$499 for October 1369-February 1979, and $501-$999, for March 1979-June 1981. Effective July 1, 1981, the statistics for countries other than Canada reflect fully compiled data for shipments valued over $500. For Canada, upper-value limits were raised to $1,999 in January 1963, and lower-value to $251 and $501 in October 1969 and March 1979, respectively. Shipments valued below lower limits (under $100, under $251, and under $501) for the different periods are estimated to represent about one-percent of the total value of exports, and the $501-$1,999 shipments to Canada about one percent and the $501-$999 shipments to other countries about two percent.

Beginning January 1978, the Export Classification Schedule was based upon Schedule E, Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 2. This revision affects the comparability of some export statistics.

Imports.—The Bureau of the Census compiles import data from various customs forms required to be filed with customs officials. From 1974-1981, data on import values were presented on three bases: The transaction values f.a.s. (free alongside ship) at the foreign port of export, the c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight), and the previously reported customs import value (as appraised by the U.S. Customs Service in accordance with legal requirements of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended).'This latter valuation, primarily used for collection of import duties, frequently did not reflect the actual transaction value. Beginning 1982, import data are based on customs values, i.e., the price paid by the buyer to the seller in accordance with the 1979 Trade Agreement Act amendments to the 1930 Tariff Act. For the c.i.f. imports, the new customs value was substituted for the arms-length transaction value used for 1981 and earlier years. The f.a.s. transaction values were discontinued as of January 1982. Country of origin is defined as country where the merchandise was grown, mined, or manufactured. If country of origin is unknown, country of shipment is reported.

Imports are classified either as "General Imports" or "Imports for Consumption." General imports are a combination of entries for immediate consumption, entries into customs bonded warehouses.