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(Domestic production data for ferroalloys are developed by the Bureau of Mines by means of monthly and annual surveys. The

major consumers of ferroalloys are the steel and ferrous foundry industries, see tables 1378-1381]

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[In short tons, except as indicated. Represents beryllium mineral concentrates. Beryllium has great stiffness, (exceeding that of

other metals, including steels), useful heat dissipation properties, a very high strength-to-weight ratio, useful nuclear moderating and reflecting properties, and excellent corrosion resistance. Its major use is as a beryllium-copper alloy in communications, computers, switching, and other electronic and electrical applications)

other enhetlisi including steel selle he al dissipation Pro

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Approximate. Imported cobbed

Includes bertrandite ore which was calculated as equivalent to beryl containing 11% Beo. beryl at port of exportation.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook.

J Section 28

I Construction and

Housing

This section presents data on the construction industry and on various indicators of its activity and costs; on housing units and their characteristics, occupants, and financing; on public housing; and on nonresidential buildings.

The principal source of these data is the U.S. Bureau of the Census, which issues a variety of current publications. Construction statistics compiled by the Bureau appear in its monthly Construction Reports series with various quarterly or annual supplements; Housing Starts and Housing Completions present data by type of unit and by 4 major census regions; New One-Family Houses Sold and For Sale also provides statistics annually on physical and financial characteristics for all new housing by the 4 major census regions; Value of New Construction Put in Place includes monthly composite construction cost indexes, and a special supplement which contains historical data, 1964 to 1980, as well as several tables showing data for 1915-1964; Price Index of New One-Family Houses Sold presents quarterly figures and annual regional data; and Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits and Public Contracts covers approximately 16,000 permit-issuing jurisdictions in the United States. Statistics on expenditures by owners of residential properties are issued quarterly and annually in Residential Alterations and Repairs. Reports of the censuses of construction industries (see below) are also issued on various topics.

Other Census Bureau publications include the Cunent Housing Reports series, which comprises the quarterly Housing Vacancies, the quarterly Market Absorption of Apartments, the Annual Housing Survey and reports of the censuses of housing and of construction industries. Construction Review, published quarterly by the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, contains many of the census series and other construction statistics series from the Federal Government and private agencies.

Other sources include the monthly Dodge Construction Potentials of F. W. Dodge Division, McGraw-Hill Information Systems Company, New York, NY, which presents State data on construction contracts; the Bureau of Economic Analysis, which presents data on residential capital and gross housing product; and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the Veterans Administration, which publish financial data. Data on conventional home mortgages are provided by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. The Department of Housing and Urban Development provides data on the gross flow of long-term mortgage loans in its study, The Supply of Mortgage Credit, 1970-1979. Data on mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and on VA-guaranteed loans are also presented in this section. In addition, the Statistical Yearbook, published by HUD through the 1979 issue, also contained housing data.

Censuses and surveys.—Censuses of the construction industry were first conducted by the Bureau of the Census for 1929, 1935, and 1939; beginning in 1967, a census has been taken every five years (for years ending in "2" and "7"). The latest reports are for 1982.

The 1982 Census of Construction Industries, in accordance with the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification Manual (see text, page 388), defines a construction establishment as a relatively permanent place of business where the usual business activities related to construction are conducted.

From 1850 through 1930, the Bureau of the Census collected some housing data as part of its censuses of population and agriculture. Beginning in 1940, separate censuses of housing have been taken at 10-year intervals. For the 1970 and 1980 censuses, data on year-round housing units were collected and issued on occupancy and structural characteristics, plumbing facilities, value, and rent.

Evaluation studies of the 1950, 1960, and 1970 censuses estimated the underenumeration of occupied housing units at 2.9 percent, 2.4 percent, and 1.7 percent, respectively. The net undercount in the 1970 census is estimated at approximately 1.5 million housing units. Estimates for the 1980 Census were not available at the time of publication of this edition. The estimates for the various censuses are not strictly comparable due to differences in timing, procedures, and other factors. The census figures have not been adjusted to reflect the estimated undercounts.

The Annual Housing Survey (Current Housing Reports, series H-150 and H-170), which began in 1973, provides a current and ongoing series of data on selected housing and demographic characteristics. It is based on a national sample and on separate samples for 60 SMSA's selected to represent a cross section of the housing stock in these areas. Annual Housing Survey estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling errors, therefore caution should be used in making comparisons with 1970 and 1980 census data.

Data on residential mortgages were collected continuously from 1890 to 1981, except 1930, as part of the decennial census by the Bureau of the Census. Since 1973, mortgage status data, which are limited to single family homes on less than ten acres with no business on the property, have been presented in the Annual Housing Survey.

Housing units.—In general, a housing unit is a group of rooms or a single room occupied or intended for occupancy as separate living quarters; that is, the occupants do not live and eat with any other persons in the structure, and there is either (1) direct access from the outside or through a common hall, or (2) complete kitchen facilities for the exclusive use of the occupants. Transient accommodations, barracks for workers, and institutional-type quarters are not counted as housing units.

Statistical reliability.—For a discussion of statistical collection and estimation, sampling procedures, and measures of statistical reliability applicable to Census Bureau data, see Appendix III

Historical statistics.—Tabular headnotes provide cross-references, where applicable, to Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. See Appendix I.

Figure 28.1

New Construction—Value of Total Construction and Number of Housing Units

Started: 1970 to 1983

[blocks in formation]
[graphic]

150 —

100

50 —

1970 '72 '74 76 '78 '80 '82 '84 1970 '72 '74 76 78 '80 '82

Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Bureau of the Census. For data, see tables 1293. 1294, and 1301

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No. 1289. Construction Industries—Summary, By Industry: 1972 To 1982

[1982 preliminary. Based on a probability sample of about 167.000 construction establishments with payroll in 1972, 181,000 in 1977, and 172,000 in 1982; see Appendix III. N.e.c. = Not elsewhere classified]

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[table]

1 Construction receipts less payments for construction work subcontracted to others, not shown separately. * Total receipts less (a) payments for materials, components, and supplies, (o) payments for construction work subcontracted to others, not shown separately. 3 Includes other industries each with less than $2.5 billion in total receipts, not shown separately.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Construction Industries, 1972, 1977, and 1982, series CC.

No. 1290. Construction Materials—Producer Price Indexes: 1970 To 1983

[1967 = 100, except as noted. For discussion of producer puce index, see text, p. 465. Covers materials incorporated as integral part of a building or normally installed during construction and not readily removable. Excludes consumer durables such as kitchen ranges, refrigerators, etc. See also Historical Statistics. Colonial Times to 1970, series N 140-155]

NA Not available. ■ June 1982 = 100. 2 Dec. 1969 - 100.

Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Producer Pnces and Price indexes, monthly i

No. 1291. Price Ano Cost Indexes For Construction: 1970 To 1983

(1977= 100- Exctudes Alaska and Hawax. except as noted, indexes of certain of these sources are published on bases JOTerar* from those shown here. See Hstoncat Statatcs. Cotonat Ttnes to 1970, series N 118-137. for construction cost indexes on a 1947-49 base)

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NA Not available. 'Includes value of site * Covers both bulking and nonbuikfcng construction, excluding rna-nMnance and repair Represents a weighted average of various indexes used for different types of construction. 3 Based on average contract unit bid prices for composite mrie (•rrvorving specific average amounts of excavation, paving, reinforcing steel, structural steel, and structural concrete) • Average for 30 cities of 4 types of buildings: Wood-frame, bnck-wood frame, bock-steel frame. and reinforced concrete. Covers materials and labor costs in structural portion of buildings but excludes those for plumtb-ng heating, lighting, sprinklers, and elevators Reflects employee-benefit costs, and allows for contractors' overhead and profit * Eastern cities Based on firm's cost experience with respect to tabor rates, materials prices. competitive conrjr&ons efficiency of plant and management, and productivity. Reflects payment of sales taxes and employee-benefit costs. * Average of 20 crbes for types shown. Weights based on surveys of building costs Wage rates used for both common and skMed tabor Reflects payment of sales taxes and Social Security payroll taxes. ■ Building construction index computed on bass of hypothetical unit of construcbon requinng 6 hot. of Portland cement 1.068 M bd. ft of 2" x 4" lumber, 2,500 lb. of structural steal and 68.38 hours of skilled labor General construcbon index based on same matenals components combined with 200 hours of common Labor. * Based on data covenng public utility construction costs for 95 items in 6 geographic regions. Covers « and common labor does not reflect tax payments nor employee-benefit costs. * As derived by U.S. Bureau of the r Covers steam production plants only; excludes hydraulic plants.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. In U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. Construction t rjimonthry.

No. 1292. Value Of New Construction Put In Place: 1960 To 1983

[In millions of dollars. Represents value of construction put in place during year, differs from building permit and construction contract data in bming and coverage. Includes installed cost of normal building service equipment and selected types of industrial production equipment (largely site fabricated). Excludes cost of shipbuilding, land, and most types ot machinery and equipment. For methodology, see Appendix III. See also Historical Statistics, Colonial Times to 1970, series N 1-29 and N 66

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