tions under the general tide of Current Population Reports, when cover population characteristics (series P-20), consumer income (series P-60) speoa: studies (series P-23), and other topics. Estimates of population characteristics based on the 1960 CPS w« not necessarily agree with the counts from the 1960 census because the CPS and the 1960 census used different procedures for collecting and processing the data for racial groups, the Spanish origin population, and other topics. Caution should also be used when comparing esomates for 1980 and later, (for education data, 1981 and later), which reflect 1960 census-based population controls to those for 1971 through 1979 (for education, to 1980). which reflect 1970 census-based population controls. This change in population controls had relatively little impact on summary measures such as means, medians, and percent distribution, but did have a significant vnpact on levels. For example, use of 1980-based population controls resulted m about a 2-percent increase in the civilian noninstitutional population and in the number of families and households. Thus, estimates of levels for 1980 and later will differ from those for earlier years by more than what could be attributed to actual changes in the population and these differences could be Disproportionately greater for subpopulation groups than for the total population. Population estimates and projections.—National population estimates are derived by using decennial census data as benchmarks and data available from various agencies as follows: Births and deaths (National Center for Health Statistics); immigrants (Immigration and Naturalization Service); Armed Forces (Department of Defense and Department of Transportation) net movement between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland (Puerto Rico Planning Board); and Federal employees abroad (Office of Personnel Management and Department of Defense). Estimates for States and smaller areas are based on data series such as births and deaths, school statistics from State departments of education and parochial school systems, labor force data, and Federal income tax returns. Current population projections for States for 1990 and 2000 are consistent with counts shown in 1980 census advance reports, series PHC80-V Current population estimates and national projections are consistent with counts shown in 1980 census final reports, series PC80-1-A. The estimates of the components of change shown for intercensal periods for States include a rosidual net migration plus the "error of closure," the unexplained difference between the estimated population at the end of the decade and the census count for that date. The error of closure at the national level was quite small during the 1950's (3,000) and 1960's (379,000). However, for the 1970'b it amounts to almost 5 million. National population projections indicate the approximate future level and characteristics of the population under given assumptions as to future fertility, mortality, and net immigration. The method used to develop the projections involves preparation of projections of each of the components of population change—births, deaths, and net immigration—and the combination of these with July 1 estimates of the current population. Projections for States incorporate further assumptions about the redistribution of population as a consequence of internal migration. Population estimates and projections are published in the P-25 and P-26 series of Current Population Reports. These estimates and projections are generally consistent with official decennial census figures and do not reflect the amount of estimated census underenumeration. For details on methodology, see the sources cited below the individual tables. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's), Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSA's), and Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSA's).—The general concept of an MSA I* one of a large population nucleus together with adjacent communities which have a high degree ol social and economic integration with that nucleus. CMSA's are large metropolitan complexes within which Individual components, designated as PMSA's, have been defined. MSA's, CMSA's, and PMSA's are defined by the Office of Management and Budget as a standard for Fedoral agencies In the preparation and publication of statistics relating to metropolitan areas. The now terms MSA, CMSA, and PMSA went into effect June 30, 1983, replacing the previous terms SMSA (standard metropolitan statistical area) and SCSA (standard consolidated statistical area). The enllto torrltory of the United States is classified as metropolitan (inside MSA's or CMSA's) or nonmetropolltan (outside MSA's or CMSA's). MSA's, CMSA's, and PMSA's are defined in terms of entire counties except In New England, where the definitions are in terms of cities and towns. To summarize data for New England that are available only by counties, New England County Metropolitan Aioa* (Nl CMA's) havo been defined as a convenience for data users. From time to time, new metropolitan areas are created and the boundaries of others change. As a result, data for metropolitan areas over time may not be comparable and the analysis of historical trends must be made cautiously. For descriptive details, tables showing changes in metropolitan area definitions, and • listing of area titles and components of each metropolitan area, see Appendix II. Urban and rural.—According to the 1980 census definition, the urban population comprises all persons Irving In (a) places of 2,500 or more inhabitants incorporated as cities, villages, boroughs Population 3 (except in Alaska and New York), and towns (except in the New England States, New York, and Wisconsin), but excluding those persons living in the rural portions of extended cities (places with low population density in one or more large parts of their area); (b) census designated places (previously termed unincorporated) of 2,500 or more inhabitants; and (c) other territory, incorporated or unincorporated, included in urbanized areas. An urbanized area consists of a central city or a central core, together with contiguous closely settled territory, that combined have a total population of at least 50,000. In censuses prior to 1950, the urban population comprised all persons living in incorporated places of 2,500 or more inhabitants and areas (usually minor civil divisions) classified as urban under special rules relating to population size and density. To improve its measure of the urban population, the Bureau of the Census in 1950 adopted the concept of the urbanized area and delineated boundaries for unincorporated places. The 1950 definition has continued substantially unchanged, except for minor modifications in 1960, the introduction of the extended city concept in 1970, and changes in the criteria for defining urbanized areas for 1980 so as to permit such areas to be defined around smaller centers. In all definitions, the population not classified as urban constitutes the rural population. Residence.—In determining residence, the Bureau of the Census counts each person as an inhabitant of a usual place of residence (i.e., the place where one usually eats and sleeps). While this place is not necessarily a person's legal residence or voting residence, the use of these different bases of classification would produce the same results in the vast majority of cases. Race.—In the 1980 census, 15 groups were listed in the race item on the 1980 census questionnaire: White, Black, American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Asian Indian, Korean, Vietnamese, Hawaiian, Samoan, Guamanian, and Other. The concept of race as used by the Census Bureau does not denote any clear-cut scientific definition of biological stock. Since the 1980 census obtained information on race through self-identification by respondents, the data represent self-classification by people according to the race with which they identify. In 1980, if persons of mixed racial parentage could not provide a single response to the race question, the race of the person's mother was used; however, if a single response could not be provided for the mother, then the first race reported by the person was used. This is a modification of the 1970 census procedure in which the race of the person's father was used. The 1980 population totals for "White" and "Other" are not comparable with corresponding figures from previous censuses. The lack of comparability is due to changes in the way some respondents reported their race as well as changes in 1980 census procedures related to the racial classification. (For a fuller explanation, see 1980 Census of Population, Volume I, General Population Characteristics (PC80-1-B).) Estimates of the population by race for April 1, 1980 (shown in tables 29 and 30) are modified counts and are not comparable to the 1980 census race categories. These estimates were computed using 1980 census data by race which had been modified to be consistent with the race categories used in the reporting of vital statistics by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. A detailed explanation of the race modification procedure appears in Current Population Reports, series P-25, No. 917. In the Current Population Survey (CPS) and other household sample surveys in which data are obtained through personal interview, respondents are asked to classify their race as 1) White, 2) Black, 3) American Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo, or 4) Asian or Pacific Islander. The procedures for classifying persons of mixed races who could not provide a single response to the race question are generally similar to those used in the 1980 census. For comments on comparability of 1980 CPS and census data, see section above on Current Population Survey. Spanish origin.—In the 1980 census, the Bureau of the Census collected data on the Spanish origin population in the United States by using a self-identification question. Persons of Spanish/ Hispanic origin or descent are those who classified themselves in one of the specific Spanish origin categories listed on the questionnaire—Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, or Other Spanish/Hispanic origin. The 1980 figures on Spanish origin are not directly comparable with 1970 census data on Spanish origin because of factors such as overall improvements in the 1980 census and improved question design. Also, it should be noted that persons of Spanish origin may be of any race. In the Current Population Survey (CPS), information on persons of Spanish origin was gathered by using a self-identification question. Persons classified themselves in one of the Spanish origin categories in response to the question: "What is the origin or descent of each person in this household?" Persons of Spanish origin in the CPS were persons who reported themselves as MexicanAmerican, Chicano, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish origin. Ancestry.—Information on ancestry (ethnicity) was collected in the 1980 Census of Population. The ancestry question was open-ended (that is, no prelisted categories were provided) and was worded "What is this person's ancestry?" Persons were asked to report their ancestry group(s) based on self-identification. Ancestry refers to the nationality group, lineage, descent, or the country in which the person or person's parents or ancestors were born before their arrival in the United States. Thus, persons reported their ancestry group(s) regardless of the number of generations removed from their country of origin. Responses to the ancestry question reflect ethnic group(s) with which persons identified but did not necessarily indicate the degree of attachment or association the person had with the particular ethnic group(s). Nativity.—The native population consists of all persons born in the U.S., Puerto Rico, or an outlying area of the U.S. It also includes persons born at sea or in a foreign country who have at least one American parent. All others are classified as "foreign born." Mobility status.—The U.S. population is classified according to mobility status on the basis of a comparison between the place of residence of each individual at the time of the survey or census and the place of residence at a specified earlier date. Nonmovers are all persons who were living in the same house or apartment at the end of the period as at the beginning of the period. Movers are all persons who were living in a different house at the end of the period from that in which they were living at the beginning of the period. Movers from abroad include all persons, either citizens or aliens, whose place of residence was outside the U.S. at the beginning of the period; that is, in Puerto Rico, an outlying area under the jurisdiction of the U.S., or a foreign country. Living arrangements.—Living arrangements may be in households or in group quarters. A "household" comprises all persons who occupy a "housing unit," that is, a house, an apartment or other group of rooms, or a single room that constitutes "separate living quarters." A household includes the related family members and all the unrelated persons, if any, such as lodgers, foster children, wards, or employees who share the housing unit. A person living alone or a group of unrelated persons sharing the same housing unit as partners is also counted as a household. See text, section 28, Construction and Housing, for definition of "housing unit." All persons not living in households are classified as living in group quarters. These individuals may be institutionalized, e.g., under care or custody in juvenile facilities, jails, correctional centers, hospitals, or rest homes; or they may be residents in college dormitories, military barracks, rooming houses, etc. (see table 72). Householder.—Beginning in 1980, the terms "householder" and "family householder" have been used in the presentation of data that had previously been presented with the designations "head of household" and "head of family". The householder is the first adult household member listed on the questionnaire. The instructions call for listing first the person (or one of the persons) in whose name the home is owned or rented. If a home is owned or rented jointly by a married couple, either the husband or the wife may be listed first. Prior to 1980, the husband was always considered the household head (householder) in married-couple households. Family.—The term "family" refers to a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together in a household. A family includes among its members the person or couple who maintains the household. Subfamily.—Subfamilies are divided into "related" and "unrelated" subfamilies. A related subfamily consists of a married couple and their children, if any, or one parent with one or more never married children under 18 years old living in a household and related to, but not including, the person or couple who maintains the household. Members of a related subfamily are also members of the family with whom they live. The number of related subfamilies, therefore, is not included in the number of families. An unrelated subfamily comprises two or more persons such as guests, lodgers, or resident employees who are related to each other but not to the person or couple who maintains the household in which they live. Married couple.—A "married couple" is defined as a husband and wife living together in the same household, with or without children and other relatives. Unrelated individuals.—"Unrelated individuals" refers to persons (other than inmates of institutions) who are not living with any relatives. An unrelated individual may be a nonfamily householder who lives alone or with nonrelatives only or a secondary individual such as a guest, lodger, or resident employee who is not related to any other persons in the household. Persons in group quarters, except inmates of institutions, are classified as secondary individuals. Statistical reliability.—For a discussion of statistical collection and estimation, sampling procedures, and measures of statistical reliability applicable to Census Bureau data, see Appendix III. Historical statistics.—Tabular headnotes provide cross-references, where applicable, to Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. See Appendix I. Figure 1.1 60 Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Bureau of the Census. For data, see tables 27 and 28. No. 1. POPULATION AND AREA: 1790 TO 1980 (Area figures represent area on indicated date including in some cases considerable areas not then organized or settled, and not covered by the census. Total area figures for 1790-1970 have been recalculated on the basis of the remeasurement of States and counties for the 1980 census. The land and water area figures for past censuses have not been adjusted and are not strictly comparable with the total area data for comparable dates because the land areas were derived from different base data, and these values are known to have changed with the construction of reservoirs, draining of lakes, etc. Density figures are based on land area measurements as reported in earlier censuses. For additional area data, see tables 5 and 327.] CONTERMINOUS U.S.' 1790 (Aug. 2) 1800 (Aug. 4). 1810 (Aug. 6). 1820 (Aug. 7). 1830 (June 1). 1840 (June 1). 1850 (June 1).... 1860 (June 1). 1870 (June 1)... 1880 (June 1). 1890 (June 1)..... 1900 (June 1)... 1910 (Apr. 15).. 1920 (Jan. 1).. 1930 (Apr. 1). 1940 Apr. 1).. 1950 (Apr. 1)... 1960 (Apr. 1).. UNITED STATES 1950 (Apr. 1). 1960 (Apr. 1)..... 1970 (Apr. 1) ...... 1980 (Apr. 1)...... 3,929,214 5,308,483 7,239,881 9,638,453 12,866,020 17.069,453 23,191,876 31,443,321 239,818,449 50,155,783 62,947,714 75,994,575 91,972,266 105,710,620 122,775,046 131,669,275 150,697,361 178,464,236 1,379,269 8,894,229 35.9 35.6 26.6 26.0 25.5 20.7 21.0 7.2 14.5 13.4 11.4 X Not applicable. Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. ? Revised to include adjustments for underenumeration in Southern States; unrevised number is 38,558,371 (13.0 per square mile). Figures corrected after 1970 final reports were issued. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Consus of Population: 1920 to 1980, vol. l; and other reports and unpublished data. See also Areas of the United States, 1940, and Area Measurement Reports, 1960, series GE-20, No. 1. No. 2. POPULATION: 1900 TO 1984 [In millions, except percent. Estimates as of July 1. Prior to 1940, excludes Alaska and Hawaii. Total population includes Armed Forces abroad: civilian population excludes Armed Forces. See text, p. 2, for basis of estimates. See also Historical Statistics, Colonial Times to 1970, series A 6-8) Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, series P-25, Nos. 802 and 938. |