Voter Participation 255 No. 427. Participation In National Elections, 1964 To 1982 And By Population [As of November. Covers civilian noninstitutjonal population 18 years old and over, except 1964-1970, 21 years old and over (see also footnote 1, table 421). Includes aliens. Figures are based on Current Population Survey (see text, p. 2, and Appendix III) and differ from those in tables 421 and 425 based on population estimates and official vote counts. Differences in percentages may also be due to overreporting of voting (reluctance of some persons in the sample who actually did not vote to so report)) NA Not available. X Not applicable. 'Includes do not know and not reported. 'Includes characteristics not shown separately. ■ Persons of Spanish origin may be of any race. * For definition of median, see Guide to Tabular Presentation. * For composition of regions, see fig. T, Inside front cover. s Standard metropolitan statistical areas as defined in 1970 census publications. * Includes unpaid family workers. * Excludes persons on farms. * Covers family households only; see text, p. 4. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Populated Reports, series P-20, No 383 and earlier reports. No. 428. Presidential Campaign Finances—Primary And General Election Receipts And Expenditures, By Political Party: 1975-1976 [In millions of dollars. Covers Jan. 1, 1975-Dec. 31, 197S. Based on disclosure documents submitted by candidates, their principal campaign committees, and other authorized committees. Figures adjusted to eliminate refunds and rebates, refunded contributions, loan repayments, and transfers to or from affiliated committees] - Represents zero. 'Covers candidates who were on the ballot in 10 or more States, included under general election since a majority of their financial activity was directed toward that area. 'Covers contributions, outstanding loans, interest and miscellaneous income. 3 Represents matching funds given to qualified candidates in the primary campaign and grant funds to the Democratic and Republican party candidates In the general election. Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, FEC Disclosure Series, No. 7: 1976 Presidential Campaign Receipts and Expenditures, 1977. No. 429. Presidential Campaign Finances—Primary Campaign Receipts And Disbursements And Federal Funds For General Election: 1979-1980 [In millions of dollars. Covers Jan. 1, 1979-Oec. 31,1980. See headnote. table 426) 1 Covers 10 candidates who received Federal matching funds (Democrats: Edmund Brown, James Carter, Edward Kennedy, and Lyndon LaRouche; Republicans: John Anderson. Howard Baker, George Bush, Phillip Crane, Robert Dote, and Ronald Reagan) 1 Includes other types of receipts, not shown separately. 9 John Anderson, as the candidate of a new party, was permrtted to raise funds privately Total receipts for the Anderson campaign, including Federal funds, were 17.1 million dollars and total expenditures were 15.0 million dollars. Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, FEC Reports on Financial Activity 1979-1980. Final Report, Presidential PreNomination Campaigns, October 1981, and November 1981 press release on public financing 1980 Presidential election No. 430. Independent Expenditures For Presidential And Congressional Campaigns: 1979-1980 AND 1981-1982 [In thousands of dollars. Covers campaign finance activity during 2 year calendar period indicated. An "independent expenditure' is money spent to support or defeat a clearty identified candidate. According to Federal election law, such an expenditure must be made without cooperation or consultation with the candidate or his/her campaign. Independent expenditures are not limited as are contributions] - Represents zero. Z Less than $500. Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission. 1979-40 FEC Index of Independent Expenditures. 1981: FEC Reports On Financial Activity, 1979-1980 Final Report on USSenate and House Campaigns. 1982; and FEC Reports on Financial Activity. 1981-1962. Interim Report No 3. US. Senate and House Campaigns, May 1983. Congressional Campaign Finances 257 No. 431. CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGN FINANCES-RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS: 1977 TO 1982 (Covers all campaign finance activity during 2 year calendar period indicated for primary, general, run-off, and special elections. For 1977-1978, relates to 1,655 House of Representatives candidates and to 254 Senate candidates; for 1979-1980 to 1,944 House of Representatives candidates and to 344 Senate candidates and for 1981-1982 to 1.956 House of Representatives candidates and to 283 Senate candidates. Except for 1981-1982 data, receipts and disbursements have been adjusted to eliminate transfers between all committees within a campaign) Total recolpto" $101-$499. Total disbursements .... 30.0 30.1 109.6 139.31 100.0 103.2 30.1 24.9 NA Not available. Includes other types of receipts, not shown separately. Elections in which an incumbent did not seek re-election. Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, FEC Reports on Financial Activity, 1977-1978, Interim Report No. 5, U.S. Senate and House Campaigns, June 1979; FEC Reports on Financial Activity, 1979-1980, Final Report, U.S. Senate and House Campaigns, March 1982; and FEC Reports on Financial Activity. 1981-1982, Interim Report No. 3, U.S. Senate and House Campaigns, May 1983. No. 432. CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONGRESSIONAL CAMPAIGNS BY POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES (PAC) BY TYPE OF COMMITTEE: 1977 TO 1982 [In millions of dollars. Covers amounts given to candidates in primary general, run-off, and special elections during the two-year calendar period indicated) 'Elections in which an incumbent did not seek re-election. Includes other types of political action committees not shown separately. Includes membership organizations and health organizations. Represents "ideological" groups as well as other issue groups not necessarily ideological in nature. Source: U.S. Federal Election Commission, FEC Reports on Financial Activity, 1977-1978, Interim Report No. 5, U.S. Senate and House Campaigns, June 1979, FEC Reports on Financial Activity, 1979-1980, Final Report, U.S. Senate and House Campaigns, March 1982 and FEC Reports on Financial Activity. 1981-1982, Interim Report No. 3, U.S. Senate and House Campaigns, May 1983. Figure 10.1 Source: Chart prepared by U.S. Bureau of the Census. For data, see tables 439 and 445. Figure 10.2 This section presents data on revenues, expenditures, debt, gross assessed value of property, and government employment within State and local governments. Nationwide statistics relating to State and local governments, their numbers, finances, and employment, are compiled primarily by the Bureau of the Census through a program of censuses and surveys. Every fifth year (for years ending in "2" and "7") the Bureau conducts a Census of Governments involving collection of data for all governmental units in the United States. In addition, the Bureau conducts annual surveys which cover all the State governments and a sample of local governments. Publications issued annually by the Bureau of the Census include a report on governmental finances which presents figures for the Federal government, nationwide totals for State and local governments, by type, and State-local data by States. Also issued annually are a series of publications on State, city, county, and school finances, and on city, county, and other public employment. Financial data are published in the GF publication series; employment data in the GE series. There are also a series of quarterly reports covering tax revenue, and finances of major public employee retirement systems, as well as a series (GSS) of special studies. Recurrent Publications on Governments describes the publication program. Basic information for Census Bureau statistics on governments is obtained mainly by mail canvass from State and local officials; however, financial data for each of the State governments and for many of the large local governments are compiled from their official records and reports by Census Bureau personnel. Financial data on the Federal Government are obtained by the Bureau from the Office of Management and Budget and are published in the Budget (see page 301). Governmental units.—The governmental structure of the United States includes, in addition to the Federal Government and the States, thousands of local governments—counties, municipalities, townships, school districts, and numerous kinds of "special districts." As shown by table 433, almost 82,300 local governments were identified by the 1982 Census of Governments. As defined by the census, governmental units include all agencies or bodies having an organized existence, governmental character, and substantial autonomy. While most of these governments can impose taxes, many of the special districts—such as independent public housing authorities, the New York Port Authority, and numerous local irrigation, power, and other types of districts—are financed from rentals, charges for services, benefit assessments, grants from other governments, toll charges, and other nontax sources. The count of governments excludes semi-autonomous agencies through which States, cities, and counties sometimes provide for certain functions—for example, "dependent" school systems, State institutions of higher education, and certain other "authorities" and special agencies which are under the administrative or fiscal control of an established governmental unit. Finances.—Unless otherwise stated, financial data relate to fiscal years. Most States end their fiscal year June 30; however Alabama and Michigan end their fiscal years Sept. 30, New York, March 31, and Texas, Aug. 31. Washington, DC also ends its fiscal year Sept 30. This was also the practice of the Federal Government until 1976 when its fiscal year, by an act of Congress, was revised to extend from Oct. 1 to Sept. 30. A three-month quarter (July 1 to Sept. 30, 1976) bridged the transition. Beginning 1963, local government figures are for fiscal years which close at various dates during the 12 months ended June 30 of the year specified; figures for 1962 and earlier years are for fiscal years ended during the calendar year. Nationwide government finance statistics have been classified and presented in terms of uniform concepts and categories, rather than according to the highly diverse terminology, organization, and fund structure utilized by individual governments. Accordingly, financial statistics which appear here for the Federal Government and for individual States or local governments have been standardized and may not agree directly with figures appearing in the original sources. Statistics on governmental finances distinguish among general government, utilities, liquor stores, and insurance trusts General government comprises all activities except utilities, liquor stores, and insurance trusts. Utilities include government water supply, electric light and power, gas supply, and |