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tions, trends, programs and activities in its annual publication, Environmental Quality. The CEQ has also published unique compilations of environmental data in Environmental Statistics, 1979, and Environmental Trends. The principal Federal agency responsible for pollution abatement and control activities is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It is responsible for establishing and monitoring national air quality standards, water quality activities, solid and hazardous waste disposal, and control of toxic substances.

Air sampling, conducted by the Public Health Service, began in 17 communities in 1953; in 1957 the National Air Surveillance Network was established and, by the late 1960's, covered approximately 260 urban and 30 rural stations. The operation of the stations was decentralized in 1972 to the 10 regional EPA offices and many of the stations were in turn assimilated into State and locally operated air monitoring networks. The Network determines the extent and nature of air pollution and studies trends in levels of atmospheric contaminants.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for suspended particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, oxidants, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide were set by EPA in April 1971. Responsibility for demonstrating compliance with or progress toward achieving these standards lies with the State agencies. There are approximately 3,500 non-Federal sampling stations for suspended particulates, almost 1,000 for sulfur oxides, 460 for carbon monoxide, 720 for photochemical oxidants, and 950 for nitrogen oxides. Data from these State networks are periodically submitted to EPA's National Aerometric Data Bank for summarization in quarterly reports on the nationwide status of, and trends in, air quality; for details, see National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1970-81.

Pollution abatement and control expenditures.—Data on expenditures for pollution abatement and control are compiled and published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), the U.S. Bureau of the Census, and the CEQ as part of ongoing programs. BEA conducts surveys on national expenditures for pollution abatement and control and presents the data in its Survey of Current Business. The U.S. Bureau of the Census collects data on State and local government and industry expenditures on control activities. Data on government expenditures were reported in the annual Environmental Quality Control: Government Finances, which was discontinued after the report for fiscal year 1980. Industry data are reported annually in Current Industrial Reports. CEQ publishes data in Environmental Quality.

Climate.—NOAA, through the National Weather Service and the National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service, is responsible for data on climate. NOAA maintains about 11,600 weather stations, of which over 3,000 produce autographic precipitation records, about 600 take hourly readings of a series of weather elements, and the remainder record data once a day. These data are reported monthly in the Climatological Data (published by State), and monthly and annually in the Local Climatological Data (published by location for major cities).

The climatological temperature, precipitation, and degree day normals listed in this publication are derived for comparative purposes and are averages for the 30-year period, 1951-80. For stations that did not have continuous records for the entire 30 years from the same instrument site, the normals have been adjusted to provide representative values for the current location. The information in all other tables is based on data from the beginning of the record at that location through 1982, except as noted.

The degree day normals are used to determine relative estimates of heating and cooling requirements for buildings. Each degree that the average temperature for a day is below 65* F produces one heating degree day. For example, if the maximum temperature is 70* F and the minimum temperature is 52* F, the average temperature for the day is 61°, resulting in four (4) heating degree days. Cooling degree days are calculated in a similar fashion for each degree that the average temperature is above 65* F. The monthly degree day normals represent the average accumulation of the daily values for the month.

Historical statistic*.—Tabular headnotes provide cross-references, where applicable, to Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. See Appendix I.

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No. 326. AREA OF STATES AND OTHER AREAS: 1980 (One sq. mile = 2.59 sq. kilometers. See Historical Statistics, Colonial Times to 1970, series A 210-263, for land area)

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- Represents zero. X Not applicable. Dry land and land temporarily or partially covered by water, such as marshland, swamps, etc.; streams and canals under one-eighth statute mile wide; and lakes, reservoirs, and ponds under 40 acres in area.

? Permanent inland water surface, such as lakes, reservoirs, and ponds having an area of 40 acres or more streams, sloughs, estuaries, and canals one-eighth statute mile or more in width; deeply indented embayments and sounds, and other coastal waters behind or sheltered by headlands or islands separated by less than 1 nautical mile of water, and islands under 40 acres in area. Excludes areas of oceans, bays, sounds, etc., lying within U.S. jurisdiction but not defined as inland water. Year of ratification of Constitution; one of the original 13 States. Under trusteeship, see table 5, footnote 5.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census of Population, vol. I, part A (PC80-1-A). and unpublished data.

No. 327. Territorial Expansion Of The United States And Acquisitions Of Other Areas

[One square mile = 2.59 square kilometers. Boundaries of all territories listed under "United States" were indefinite, at least m part, at time of acquisition. Area figures shown here represent precise determinations of specific territories which have been marked upon maps, based upon interpretations of the several treaties of cession, which are necessarily debatable. These determinations were made by a committee consisting of representatives of various governmental agencies in 1012. Subsequently these figures were adjusted to bring them into agreement with remeasurements made in 1980. See also Htstoncal Statistics, Colonial Times to 1970, series J 1-2]

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X Not applicable. 'Includes that part of drainage basin of Red River of the North, south of 49th parallel, sometimes considered part ol Louisiana Purchase. 'Ceded by Spain in 1698. ratified in 1899, and became Commonwealth of Puerto Rco by Act of Congress on Jury 25, 1952. 'Acquired 1898; ratified 1899. * Acquired 1899; ratified 1900. • Land area only Under trusteeship; see table 5. footnote 5. • Comprises the following islands with gross areas as indicated, in sq. mi: MkJwejy (2). Wake (3), Palmyra (4). Navassa (2). Baker. Howiand, and Jarvls (combined area. 3), Johnston Atoll (combined area, less than .5). and Kingman Reef (less than .5). Excludes Canton and Enderbury Islands (combined area 27 sq. mi. or 73 sq. km.), which are considered to be under the jurisdiction ol Kiribati since 1979. and Swan Islands (1 sq. mi.), which were returned to Honduras in 1972.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, unpublished data.

No. 328. Land Utilization, By Type: 1959 To 1982

(See Historical Statistics, Colonial Times to 1970. series J 50-86. J 71. and J 76. tor similar data]

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1 Changes in total land area are due to variable methods and materials used in periodic remeasunsments, and to the construction of artificial reservoirs ■ Cropland harvested, crop failure, and cultivated summer fallow. * Grassland and other nonforest pasture and range. * Excludes reserved forest land in parks and other special uses of Land- Includes forest grazing land. * Changes in use between 1978 and 1962 are pnmanty attributed to reclassification and change of Alaskan lands to park, wilderness, and wtidlrfe areas • Estimated area m urbanized areas and places of 2.500 or more population outside urbanized areas. T Data for urban areas included in other land. * Represents rural highway, road, and railroad rights-of-way, and airports. * Area in National and State parks and related recreation areas, including area in national wilderness and primitive areas l0Acreage administered by Federal and State agencies primarily for wildlife protection and propagation. ''Areata administered by the Dept. of Defense tor military purposes and by the Energy Research and Development Administration. '* Miscellaneous areas such as marshes, open swamps, bare rock area, deserts, and tundra, and various other uses not inventoried. ••Land owned by individuals, partnerships, end corporations '* Managed m trust by Bureau of trxkan Affairs.

Source: U.S. Dept of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Major Uses of Land In the Untied States: 1978. AER 487. August 1962. and unpublished data.

Federal Public Domain—Federally Owned Land

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No. 329. Area And Acquisition Of The Federal Public Domain: 1781 To 1983

[In millions of acres. Areas of acquisitions are as computed in 1912. and do not agree with figures In square miles shown in table 327 which include later adjustments and reflect subsequent remeasurement. Excludes outlying areas of the United States amounting to 645.949 acres in 1976. See also Historical Statistics, Colonial Times to 1970, series J 3-6]

[table]

Z Less than 50.000. 'Owned by Federal Government. Comprises original public domain plus acquired lands. Estimated from imperfect data available for indicated years. Prior to 1959, excludes Alaska, and 1960, Hawaii. Source: Beginning 1955, U.S. General Services Administration, Inventory Report on Real Property Owned by the United States Throughout the Worid, annual.

s Data for Louisiana Purchase exclude areas eliminated by treaty of 1619 with Spain. Such areas are included in figures for Mexican Cession. 9 Represents drainage basin of Red River of the North, south of 49th parallel. Authorities differ as to method and date of its acquisition. Some hold it as part of Louisiana Purchase; others, as acquired from Great Britain.

Source: Except as noted, U.S. Dept of the Interior. Estimated area. Bureau of Land Management; all other data. Office of the Secretary. Areas of Acquisitions to the Territory of the U.S., 1922.

No. 330. Total And Federally Owned Land, 1960 To 1983, And By State, 1983

[As of June 30 except, beginning 1976, as of Sept 30. Total land area figures are not comparable with those in table 326]

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1 Excludes trust properties.

Source: U.S. General Services Administration. Inventory Report on Real Property Owned by the United Slates Throughout the World, annual.

No. 331. LAND COVER/USE OF NONFEDERAL LAND AND SMALL WATER AREAS, BY STATE: 1982

(In thousands of acres. Excludes Alaska)

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- Represents zero.
Source: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1982 National Resources Inventory, 1984.

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