Law Enforcement, Courts, and Prisons 165 Courts.—Court statistics on criminal offenses and the outcome of prosecutions are incomplete for the country as a whole, although data are available for many States individually. The only national compilations of such statistics were made by the Bureau of the Census for 1932 to 1945 covering a maximum of 32 States. The bulk of civil and criminal litigation in the country is commenced and determined in the various State courts. Only when the U.S. Constitution and acts of Congress specifically confer jurisdiction upon the Federal courts may civil litigation be heard and decided by them. Generally, the Federal courts have jurisdiction over the following types of cases: Suits or proceedings by or against the United States; civil actions between private parties arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States; civil actions between private litigants who are citizens of different States; civil cases involving admiralty, maritime, or prize jurisdiction; and all matters in bankruptcy. There are several types of courts with varying degrees of legal jurisdiction. These jurisdictions include original, appellate, general, and limited or special. A court of original jurisdiction is one having the authority initially to try a case and pass judgment on the law and the facts; a court of appellate jurisdiction is one with the legal authority to review cases and hear appeals; a court of general jurisdiction is a trial court of unlimited original jurisdiction in civil and/or criminal cases, also called a "major trial court"; a court of limited or special jurisdiction is a trial court with legal authority over only a particular class of cases, such as probate, juvenile, or traffic cases. The 94 Federal courts of original jurisdiction are known as the U.S. district courts. One or more of these courts is established in every State and one each in the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam. Appeals from the district courts are taken to intermediate appellate courts of which there are 13, known as U.S. courts of appeals and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The Supreme Court of the United States is the final and highest appellate court in the Federal system of courts. Juvenile offenders.—For statistical purposes, the FBI and most States classify as juvenile offenders persons under the age of 18 years who have committed a crime or crimes. Delinquency cases are all cases of youths referred to a juvenile court for violation of a law or ordinance or for seriously "antisocial" conduct. Several types of facilities are available for those adjudicated delinquent, ranging from the short-term physically unrestricted environment to the longterm very restrictive atmosphere. Prisoners.—Data on prisoners in Federal and State prisons and reformatories were collected annually by the Bureau of the Census until 1950, by the Federal Bureau of Prisons until 1971, transferred then to the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, and, in 1979, to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Adults convicted of criminal activity may be given a prison or jail sentence. A prison is a confinement facility having custodial authority over adults sentenced to confinement of more than one year. A jail is a facility, usually operated by a local law enforcement agency, holding persons detained pending adjudication and/or persons committed after adjudication to one year or less. Nearly every State publishes annual data either for its whole prison system or for each separate State institution. Statistical reliability.—For discussion of statistical collection, estimation, and sampling procedures and measures of statistical reliability pertaining to the National Crime Survey and Uniform Crime Reporting Program, see Appendix III. Historical statistics.—Tabular headnotes provide cross-references, where applicable, to Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. See Appendix I. No. 275. CRIMES AND CRIME RATES, BY TYPE: 1974 TO 1983 [Data reter to offenses known to the police. Rates are based on Bureau of the Census estimated resident population as of July 1, except 1980, enumerated as of April 1. Minus sign (-) indicates decrease. For definitions of crimes, see text, pp. 163 and 164. For explanation of average annual percent change, see Guide to Tabular Presentation. See also Appendix III and Historical Statistics, Colonial Times to 1970, series 4 952-961 for related data) Rate per 100,000 inhabitants: 1974... I I . 4..... ...................... ......... . . 0 - Represents zero. Z Less than .05 percent. Includes nonnegligent manslaughter. Source: U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, annual. No. 276. CRIMES AND CRIME RATES BY TYPE AND AREA: 1982 AND 1983 (In thousands, except rate. Rate per 100.000 population; see headnote, table 275. Estimated totals based on reports from city and rural law enforcement agencies representing 97 percent of the national population. For definitions of crimes, see text, pp. 163 and 164.) No. 277. Crime Rates By State, 1980 To 1983, And By Type, 1983 [Offenses known to ttw polio* par 100,000 population. Based on Bureau of the Census estimated resident population as of April 1. For definitions of crimes, see text, pp. 163 and 164. For composition of regions, see flo. I inside front cover] 6.8 6.4 104 85 3.4 2.1 20 3.6 3.5 2.7 4.1 7.9 11.1 7.3 56 5.2 9 7 10.0 2.8 4.3 1.7 2.3 8.1 2.1 2.1 2.6 5.6 9.2 4.1 85 7.0 4.9 8.1 9.8 8.4 11.2 9.6 9.8 11.2 12.8 7.6 14.2 7.6 14.2 6.5 3.7 3.5 5.8 6.4 8.9 72 3.5 12.8 9.2 26.0 31.0 34.4 44.4 23.0 16 8 19.5 408 259 16.8 20.0 27.0 30.0 34.8 31.5 31.5 21.8 224 12.5 34.5 37.8 32.8 24.7 13.4 21.9 35.0 353 48.4 27.1 22.0 38.5 39.9 36.8 19.8 18.3 21.4 41 9 480 41 9 24.9 51.3 47.2 314 161 27 24 28 209 113 201 368 537 172 198 159 100 264 285 72 91 80 16 50 84 194 115 113 173 171 69 190 129 189 113 24 27 30 126 114 132 64 307 287 251 230 60 60 339 223 150 257 337 145 232 201 167 87 125 274 31 85 144 211 353 296 215 203 282 196 397 249 268 286 166 190 180 302 516 313 163 284 337 1.187 1,201 1,183 1.410 1,237 811 1,236 988 864 1,029 1,076 1,217 1,168 1,330 1,082 1,519 1,411 908 931 705 1,532 1.559 1.669 1.016 2.011 1,774 WA.. 6.567 6,078 4.9 44.7 40.5 48.0 101.5 29.4 105 170 341 97 130 217 1.640 3.813 NA Not available. < Includes nonnegtoent manslaughter. ■ Includes District of Columbia, not shown separately. Source: U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, annual. No. 278. Crime Rates For Violent Crimes In Cities, By Size Group And For Selected Cities: 1974 To 1983 [Offenses known to the police per 100,000 population. For types of violent crime, see table 279. Rates based on population of cities as estimated by FBI, using Bureau of the Census estimates as of July 1, of each year, except 1M0 aa of April 1. Minus sign (-) indicates decrease] X Not applicable. 'Beginning 1983. not comparable to prior years. No. 279. Crime Rates, By Type—Population-size Groups And Selected Cities: 1983 [Offenses known to the police per 100,000 population, as of July 1. For definitions of crimes, see text pp. 163 and 164] San Francisco. CA 1,403 1.915 62 11 5 29 4 1.236 1 See headnote. table 278 • Agencies also Included m other dty and county groups Source: U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United Stores, annual Crime Victimization Rates 169 NO. 280. VICTIMIZATION RATES FOR CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS: 1973 TO 1982 (Rates per 1,000 persons, 12 years old and over. Includes attempted crimes. Data based on National Crime Survey; see text, pp. 163-165; and Appendix III) B Estimated number of victimizations too small to be statistically reliable. X Not applicable. 1 Includes races not shown separately. ? Persons of Spanish origin may be of any race. Excludes personal larceny. No. 281. VICTIMIZATION RATES FOR CRIMES AGAINST HOUSEHOLDS: 1973 to 1982 [Rates per 1,000 households. Includes attempted offenses. Data based on National Crime Survey, see text, pp. 163-165; and Appendix 111) B Estimated number of victimizations too small to be statistically reliable. Includes other races not shown separately. Source of tables 280 and 281: Through 1975, U.S. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration; thereafter, U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Criminal Victimization in the United States, annual. |