•Second, the grant program features an annual solicitation, in which the Institute identifies one or two topics to which it wishes to direct particular priority attention. In addition, there are two cycles for unsolicited grants, in which the Institute considers applications for work in all areas within our compass. For the past two years, the two solicitation topics have focused on conflict resolution in Latin America plus one other subject. In East Africa, a number of grants and fellowships were funded in earlier years. Because of the increasingly high levels of violence and death in the Horn in particular and the deterioration of civil society in other East African states, it is likely that an increase in attention will follow, both in projects initiated by the Institute and as a natural course in the semiannual unsolicited grant competitions and the fellowship area.

•Third, the overall demand for grant and fellowship support is increasing significantly with no reduction in applicant quality. While the Institute's in-house programming, particularly its study groups, has been concentrated heavily in a regional sense on East-West concerns and has now added a major focus on the Middle East, grants and fellowships have been directed to a very wide variety of topics and regional concerns.

•Lastly, the Institute's concern with regional breadth along with diversity in subject matter and point of view is further demonstrated by the tentatively titled Report on the State of World Peace. This report will be issued periodically, with the first issue scheduled to be published in 1991. It will describe conflict and peacemaking activities in 13 regions that span the entire globe. Each regional survey, which runs from 60 to 120 pages in manuscript length, covers (a) ongoing and potential conflict in the region for the year in question and (b) the presence or potential for peacemaking in the region. Examples are one survey which is devoted to Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean and another which is devoted to West, Central, and East Africa and the Horn. In each survey, emphasis will be given to ongoing interstate conflicts and to those events within states that can intensify possibilities for the outbreak of interstate violence.

Education and Training Programs

Question: Although I am quite familiar with the various aspects of the Institute's work, I am especially interested in the Education and Training programs the Institute supports. I was pleased to learn that the Institute took the lead in designing a public television special on the history of U.S.-Soviet detente, and that this was later formulated into an instructional video series for teachers. Would you describe other projects the Institute has planned for 1992 that make use of public television and video for transmission to the public and individual school systems?

Answer: In fiscal year 1992, the United States Institute of Peace tentatively plans to produce a second video series on peace and conflict resolution issues, depending on the availability of funds and on prior market research. The series would build upon the experience of the series now being completed on the Cold War, and again would emphasize the relationship between twentieth century history and current affairs, will feature footage of historical events and interviews with major participants, and will include a detailed teaching guide.

Directed principally, but not exclusively, to secondary school students in grades 912 throughout the United States, the series would be distributed by a nationally recognized marketing firm with a clear record of success in the secondary school market for educational materials. In addition, the series should be of considerable interest to instructors in community colleges, four year colleges, and universities. The series will be of public broadcast quality and will be made available to Public Broadcasting System stations through one of its distribution affiliates.

The series will be divided into four to six half-hour sections, and each section will be further divided into two modules to provide for flexible use by classroom teachers. Each film in the series will contain a substantial amount of documentary footage, as well as interviews with those who played a key role in the events being portrayed; thus, the films will bring historical depth to their subject matters. Each of the films will be accompanied by a teaching guide to assist teachers in the most effective classroom use of the videos. These teaching guides will contain such elements as relevant chronologies and maps, bibliographies, and time lines. As the films are produced, there will be solicitation of advice from a focus group made up of teachers and curriculum specialists to insure that both the approach and the material covered are deemed valuable by those who would be expected to use the films.

This statement of characteristics for the fiscal year 1992 film series can be advanced with some confidence, since we have now completed three of the five videos in our current "Breaking the Mold" series on Soviet-American relations since the end of the Second World War. The final two videos will be completed during this fiscal year. The three completed parts of this series have the characteristics outlined here, have received very favorable early reactions, and are just now being marketed by the Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. (For a description of other television and video projects funded with Institute grants and fellowships, see page 59 of the Institute's Budget Request for Fiscal Year 1992.)

While we have not made a final determination about the subject for the fiscal year 1992 film series, we are considering a number of options:

1. A series dealing with the peacemaking efforts of American Presidents and Secretaries of State, such as President Theodore Roosevelt's successful effort to end the Russo-Japanese War and the institution of the Marshall Plan under President Truman.

2. A series dealing with how the history of the Middle East since 1900 contributed to the Gulf Crisis.

3. A series using Nobel Peace Prize laureates and others to exemplify contrasting approaches to the peacemaking process.

4. A series dealing with ethnic conflict as a challenge to peace-building and peacemaking around the world.

Before deciding which subject matter will be the focus of the series, we will consult extensively with teachers and curriculum specialists of varying perspectives to determine what professionals in the secondary school education field regard as the most important topics to supplement existing classroom materials.

Cooperation With Other Institutions

Question: Given the dynamic changes in the world today and the complexity of the multilateral issues that confront us, it seems that much can be gained by sharing information and promoting debate among policymakers with different perspectives. Does the Institute cooperate in joint programs or projects with other foreign affairs organizations?

Answer: Yes, the Institute does cooperate selectively with other organizations, keeping in mind the congressionally-mandated concern that the Institute safeguard its reputation (for instance, with respect to the use of the Institute's name) and the requirement that the Institute not receive private gifts or contributions. In addition, the Institute has hundreds of contacts with other organizations, through projects funded by grants (some grantees' projects receive additional funding from

nonprofit foundations), the library's participation in information networks, and the work of Institute fellows and various in-house seminars and working groups, all of which draw upon many individuals associated with other organizations.

Question: Can you briefly describe some of the collaborative work that is now underway?

Following are examples of the carefully selected collaborative work the Institute has engaged in:

•On several occasions, the Institute has convened programs together with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. In the spring of 1990, for instance, we held a discussion at the Smithsonian of events in Romania, and in early 1991, the two organizations held a program on events in Yugoslavia. We anticipate a continuing mutually beneficial relationship with the Wilson Center.

•In order to identify issues and the most effective means of communicating the results of work on those topics by Institute-sponsored study groups, we consult with the Policy Planning Staff of the State Department, Congressional committees, and specialists from the foreign affairs community. While these consultations are done with some detail, decisions on subject-matter, procedure, and product are controlled by the Institute. Examples include (a) the study of medium-term (3-5 years) problems in Central and Eastern Europe, a study which began only weeks before the democratization movement swept that region, and (b) the series of Middle East working groups which have been convened recently in response to the Gulf war.

•In the current fiscal year, we have met formally with senior officials of the Organization of American States and scholars in the field of conflict management to review with them the OAS' efforts in peacekeeping and conflict resolution and to assess whether or not there are ways the Institute might be helpful to the OAS in this area.

•During fiscal year 1990, we cooperated with the Research Coordination Center of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs in a historical project on the origins of the Cold War. The Institute and the Soviet Center brought together leading American and Soviet historians for programs in Moscow and Washington, followed by meetings with top level officials from the respective governments. Among the outcomes of that projects are: advancement of the opening of the Soviet Foreign Ministry's archives; the Institute's publication of an occasional paper entitled Origins of the Cold War: The Novikov, Kennan, and Roberts "Long Telegrams" of 1946, which includes the first English translation of the previously secret Soviet document interpreting U.S. intentions after World War II; and the determination to continue the relationship with a similar program on another subject, such as a joint study of Soviet and American negotiating styles or an exploration of what the two countries might do to assist the development of the rule of law as a component for resolving ethnic conflicts, especially in Eastern Europe.

Middle East Initiative

Question: Ambassador Lewis, I see that the Institute's 1992 request includes $1,675,000 for new projects within the Special Middle East Peacemaking and Conflict Resolution. I understand this program is a direct outgrowth of the Gulf crisis and was conceived after the initial FY 1991 request was prepared. Can you briefly describe the kinds of activities you are planning to undertake with this increase and the additional personnel required to staff the program?

Answer: The Institute's response to the Gulf crisis-the Special Middle East Program on Peacemaking and Conflict Resolution-involves bringing together

experienced active and retired diplomats and policymakers, leading Middle East analysts and scholars, and specialists in conflict management to examine several key aspects of the post-Gulf War Middle East and new opportunities created for controlling the regional arms race, rejuvenating Arab-Israel peacemaking, etc. That the Institute is able to mount such an initiative now is a direct consequence of the interlinked programming activity which has been nurtured over the past five years and the Institute's convening power. The activities, described below, are largely patterned after those which the Institute has already tested and refined.

Study groups. Five informal study groups composed of high level experts are planned. Because of the urgency of the issues, four have already been launched in the current fiscal year, using funds which had been previously allocated for other purposes; those activities are being slowed or postponed. The groups are dealing with the following subjects: (a) controlling the Middle-East arms race; (b) lessons from previous Arab-Israeli peacemaking experience; (c) peacekeeping and security arrangements for the Gulf region; and (d) lessons from the Gulf crisis for strengthening the United Nations and the international collective-security system against aggression. The fifth study group will begin work in the fall and will be looking at the future course of political/social dynamics in the Arab world. Each study group will operate through fiscal year 1992. I will give overall direction, and coordination will be provided by an active-duty or retired senior U.S. diplomat. The first coordinator is Ambassador Hume Horan, former U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia, the Sudan, and Cameroon.

Fellowships. In selecting fellows who will begin work at the Institute in September, the Board chose four whose projects relate directly to Middle East peace. An Israeli diplomat-scholar will write about the problem of transforming formal peace into reconciliation, based upon his experience as Israeli ambassador to Egypt; a Lebanese scholar from the American University in Beirut will examine the impact of the Gulf crisis on the Arab world; an Indian professor from an American university will study conflicts over the waters of transnational rivers; and an American political scientist will examine the prospect that a Palestinian state could resolve the Arab refugee problem. The selections to be made in fiscal year 1992 for work which will largely take place in fiscal year 1993 will reflect the Institute's particular interest in the Middle East.

Grants. We are considering a special solicited grant topic that would focus on peace in the Middle East. That decision and the exact formulation of a question will be taken up at the Board of Directors' meeting in September. We anticipate that the Institute will receive a number of excellent proposals stimulated by the Gulf crisis and the possibilities of movement toward peace.

Library. The library is emphasizing the collection of primary documents about the peacemaking aspects of the Gulf war, including the congressional debate, UN proceedings, and selected items of "gray literature" which may be less available over time. The intention is to develop a useful resource which, in combination with the collections of other libraries, will facilitate longer-term studies of the Middle East peace process.

Publications and Outreach. Centrally important to the Special Middle East Program is our ability to communicate findings to decision makers in government, to Congressional committees and staffs, to others who influence policy, and to educators, especially in colleges and universities. Our study groups are constructed around the principle that pertinent findings need to be communicated swiftly as well as cogently. We anticipate a regular flow of short papers, largely produced in-house through desk-top publishing, which will be disseminated to target audiences and be made available subsequently to the interested public. To supplement the work of the study groups, we have begun a thorough review of all Institute activities to date which deal with the Middle East, from grant products and grants which have not yet been completed to the work of fellows to Institute

directed projects, in order to identify those which in whole or in part are applicable to issues arising from the Gulf crisis. While some subjects are already evident from the variety of discussions which the crisis has stimulated, others may be currently obscure and await illumination by our study groups. From this survey, we will prepare an in-house database as well as a publicly-available listing of relevant Institute activity.

Personnel needs. In staffing the Special Middle East Program, we are establishing a small coordination unit that will draw on the work of our other program units. The coordination staff will include a general program coordinator, a program officer, and a secretary. We also expect to add at least one position to our regular program staff because of the increased work load from the special program. The experts who are brought together in each study group may require honoraria for key participants and will incur travel expenses, except for Washington-based government personnel. As the study groups progress, we expect to draw increasingly on selected experts from overseas, adding to travel costs. Each study group will be served by an experienced rapporteur, charged with reporting on meetings and preparing papers for circulation and prompt publication. At best, only one of those rapporteurs can come from the Institute's existing staff. The library program will contract for the services as necessary to help develop its special collection. Publications will require additional contract services to ensure that papers and reports are produced rapidly and disseminated most effectively.

FY 1992 Budget Request

Question: I understand that $8,911,000 is included in the President's 1992 budget for the Institute of Peace. The Institute's request before us today certainly reflects a substantial increase above this amount. Aside from the Middle East initiative, what expanded program areas does your request provide for that are not included in the President's budget request?

Answer: Aside from the Special Middle East Program, the Institute is requesting an appropriation of $10,243,000 for fiscal year 1992. This amount is $1,332,000 more than the President's budget request for the Institute of $8,911,000.

Restricting the Institute's programs to the level of the President's request would limit the Institute to a "no-growth" level of activity in a time of historic international challenges to peacemakers. As described in the Institute's budget request, funding at the level included in the Administration's budget request would stretch our resources so thinly that the Institute's ability to contribute to the nation's responsiveness at this historic moment would be severely impaired.

During the past two years, the Institute sharply restricted the size of three of its most basic programs—grants, fellowships, and library—in order to fund new initiatives related to the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and conflicts in the Third World, despite a significant increase in demand for those programs. For fiscal year 1992, the Institute proposes to renew a modest rate of expansion for these basic programs. This would allow slightly larger grants to be awarded. With the average grant running about $30,000, the Institute has been able to reach a good number of individuals and institutions, but it has been seriously hampered in its ability to play an important funding role for more complex, sophisticated, and multiyear projects. The increase would also allow the fellowship program to grow only somewhat beyond the current level and make some difference in the subjectmatter scope of the program. The increase would allow the library program to continue its conservative growth path, while also taking more advantage of the technological revolution in information management. The President's "no growth" level would make those developments in basic programming impossible. In addition, the "no growth" level has no allowance for the Institute to pay the costs for or to award the newly authorized Spark M. Matsunaga Medal of Peace. It would severely retard the development of the Education and Training Program, particularly the video production project and other initiatives directed to secondary school teachers. And it would cause a serious slowdown in printing and distributing the products of the Institute's own projects and the work of our fellows and grantees.