with so many maggots present, some would not obtain a sufficient food supply from the small amount of pulp surrounding the seed. The largest number of adult fruit flies bred from a single tropical almond was 28 males and 32 females, a total of 60 flies; some of these specimens were much smaller than others, but we did not determine whether these were able to deposit eggs.

In another experiment 12 infested tropical almonds were placed in separate breeding jars and exposed to hot sunshine. At the end of a week the pulp of these fruits became hard and leathery. From two of these fruits 19 larvæ bored out, 7 of which died in the bottom of the jars and 12 pupated, but the pupæ failed to give rise to imagoes. A field observation along this same line may be worth recording. An orange that had been exposed to hot sunshine was found on the ground and upon opening this fruit three dead Mediterranean fruit fly larvæ were found. These maggots were black or brown in color and suggested that death had been due to a bacterial or fungus disease. Mally (3, p. 10) also observed many dead larvæ in the fallen fruits of Citrus buxifolius and concluded that after several days of very hot weather the fruit "became sufficiently hot to destroy the contained maggots."

PUPE. After the larvæ leave the fruit they bore into the ground to pupate. Rarely under normal conditions do the maggots pupate within the fruit, but a few pupæ have been found in the pulp of the tropical almond and orange. The pupal period requires from 15 to 17 days, before the adults emerge.

ADULT.-Dreyer of South Africa (1) writes: "It is well known that when the flies appear on the wing their eggs are undeveloped and require, in order to be brought to maturity and made ready for laying, a period of about 10 to 12 days during which the flies subsist on saccharine substances." An attempt was made to determine the length of this period under Hawaiian conditions. A large number of fruit flies were kept in captivity in breeding jars and fed on dilute molasses, the juice of orange, prickly pear and on water. After having been kept in captivity for 8 days, three females were dissected but no fully developed eggs were found in the ovaries. Daily dissections of three females were continued from now on and ripe eggs were found in one fly at the end of 11 days but other females did not show mature eggs in the ovaries at the end of 14 days. In all probability the effect of confining the fruit flies in breeding jars plays an important part in the rate of development of the reproductive organs.

The duration of the different stages of the life history of the Mediterranean fruit fly may be summarized as follows:

Miss L. Gulick and the writer have bred the Mediterranean fruit fly from a long list of fruits in the Hawaiian Islands. Since the common names by which these fruits are known in the Hawaiian Islands may be entirely different in other parts of the world we give in the following list not only the common names but also the scientific names of these fruits, basing the latter on the authority of G. P. Wilder's (5) work on "Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands."

1. Anona muricata (sour sop).

2. Arenga saccharifera (sugar palm).
3. Averrhoa carambola (carambola).
4. Carica papaya (papaia).

5. Carica quercifolia (baby papaia).
6. Carissa ardiuna (Natal plum).
7. Cestrum sp? (Chinese ink berry).
8. Chrysophyllum cainito (star apple).
9. Chrysophyllum oliviforme (Dam-
son plum).

10. Citrus aurantium (Bahia, or Wash-
ington navel orange).

11. Citrus aurantium sinense (Waialua orange).

12. Citrus decumana (grapefruit). 13. Citrus japonica (kumquat).

14. Citrus japonica "hazara" (Chinese

orange).

15. Citrus medica limetta (lime).
16. Citrus nobilis (Mandarin orange).
17. Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee).
18. Diospyros decandra (brown persim-
mon).

19. Eriobotrya japonica (loquat.).

20. Eugenia jambos (rose apple).

21. Eugenia uniflora (French cherry). 22. Ficus carica (fig).

23. Jambosa malaccensis (mountain ap-
ple).

24. Mangifera indica (mango).
25. Mimusops elengi (elengi tree).
26. Murraya exotica (mock orange).
27. Musa cavendishii (Chinese banans'
28. Noronhia emarginata (Chinese plum}
29. Opuntia tuna (prickly pear).
30. Persea gratissima (avocado or alli-
gator pear).

31. Prunus persica (peach).

32. Psidium cattleyanum (strawberry guava).

33. Psidium guayava (sweet red guava). 34. Psidium guayava (white lemon guava).

35. Psidium guayava pomiferum (common guava).

36. Thevetia nerifolia (yellow oleanda) 37. Terminalia cattapa (tropical almond called "kamani" by the Hawaiians).

The pest has also been bred from green peppers. Squash and string beans are also said to be attacked by the insect.

A few fruits kept under observation were found to be immune from the attacks of Mediterranean fruit fly under natural conditions. The following list is by no means complete:

1. Artocarpus incisa (bread fruit).

2. Citrus medica var., limonum (roughskin lemon).

3. Morinda citrifolia (“noni ').

4. Morus nigra (mulberry).

5. Punica granatum (pomegranate).
6. Tamarindus indica (tamarind).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. DREYER, T. F., 1907. Poisoned Bait for the Fruit Fly. Repr. Agric. Jour. May, No. 5, Cape of Good Hope, pp. 1–4.

2. FRENCH, C., 1907. Fruit Flies. Bull. No. 24, Dept. Agric. Intelligence, South Australia, pp. 1-14. Bull. No. 26, Dept. Agric. Victoria, pp. 1–14.

3. MALLY, C. W., 1904. The Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) Repr. Agric. Jour. December No. 21, Cape of Good Hope, pp. 1-18.

4. SEVERIN, H. H. P. and HARTUNG, W. J., 1912. Will the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) Breed in Bananas under Artificial and Field Conditions? Jour. Econ. Ent. V, pp. 443-451.

5. WILDER, G. P. 1911. Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands. Publ. Hawaiian Gaz. Co. Honolulu, T. H. pp. 1–247.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 9.

Fig. 1. Tropical almond showing depressions caused by the oviposition of the Mediterranean fruit fly.

Fig. 2. Peach showing similar depressions.

Fig. 3. Green peach showing gummy exudation which often exudes from the wound caused by the ovipositor.

Fig. 4. Peach with collapsing peel due to decay of the pulp brought about by larvæ of the Mediterranean fruit flies.

Figs. 5 and 7. Peaches cut in half showing decay and fruit fly maggots.

Fig. 6. Tropical almond with peel removed showing the Mediterranean fruit fly larvæ and thickness of pulp.

Figs. 8 and 9. Peaches broken open showing more advanced stages of decay and larvæ.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10.

Fig. 10. Strawberry guava showing depressions.

Figs. 11, 12, and 13. Strawberry guavas showing different stages of decay caused by the larvæ of the Mediterranean fruit flies.

Fig. 14. Dried and shriveled strawberry guava still adhering to a twig after all of the Mediterranean fruit fly larvæ have bored out. The infested fruit, however, usually drops to the ground before the maggots bore out.

Fig. 15. Unripe star apple showing dead Mediterranean fruit fly which was unable to withdraw its ovipositor from the sticky, milky juice of this fruit.

Fig. 16. Dried navel orange still adhering to the twig and showing a hole through which the fruit fly larvæ and decayed pulp dropped out. After the Mediterranean fruit fly larvæ caused this orange to decay, the black and the brown fruit beetles and their grubs and Drosphilid larvæ also infested this orange.

Fig. 17. Mango with peel removed showing decay and maggots.