Charles H. Gable, entomologist and horticulturist for an Ottawa Kansas nursery, has been appointed by the government of Portugal to go to the Maderia Islands, to supervise work on the large fruit farms. Mr. U. C. Loftin, formerly laboratory assistant in entomology at the Agricul tural Experiment Station at Gainesville, Fla., is now an assistant in the Bureau of Entomology, and is stationed at Audubon Park, New Orleans, La Three of the recent graduates of the Mississippi Agricultural College, N. D Guerry, J. C. Treloar, and H. O. French, are temporarily employed by the Bureau of Entomology and are now located at Tellulah, La., and are engaged in boll-weevil work. The following changes have taken place recently in the Federal Horticultura! Board: A. V. Stubenrauch succeeds Peter Bisset, and Dr. W. D. Hunter succeed. A. F. Burgess. Mr. Burgess resides in Melrose, Mass., and it was inconvenient for him to attend the meetings of the Board. Professors Herbert Osborn, Ohio State University, Alexander D. MacGillivray, University of Illinois and Mr. Charles P. Alexander, Cornell University, will spend their summer vacations at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Orono, Me., and each will study the insects of the special group in which he is an authority. According to Science, Mr. G. N. Wolcott, who is the traveling entomologist supported by the Porto Rico Sugar Growers' Association, is collecting parasites of the white grub to introduce into Porto Rico, where the white grubs are a very serious pest in the cane fields. Mr. Wolcott has his chief headquarters in the United States at the University of Illinois. Professor A. L. Melander, Entomologist of Washington State College and Experiment Station at Pullman, has been granted a year's leave of absence for purposes of study. During the summer he will be at the Biological Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor, and during the next college year will study under Dr. W. M. Wheeler at the Bussey Institution of Harvard University, Forest Hills, Mass. According to Science, at the twenty-fifth reunion of the class of 1888 of Wa-bington and Jefferson college, on June 17, a library memorial fund was established in honor of Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, U. S. A., a member of the class, who left before graduation to study medicine and who afterward became a member of the commu-sion to investigate the rôle of the mosquito in the transmission of yellow fever, and sacrificed his life to the cause of scientific research. A new organization is the Audubon Entomological Club, the first meeting of which was held at the office of the Bureau of Entomology at Audubon Park, New Orleans, I a., on May 27, 1913. The general purpose of the Club will be the discussion of entomological subjects, especially in connection with the work of the various members. The Club will be entirely informal, and will have neither a constitution nor officers. The members, most of whom are connected with the Bureau of Entomology, are the following: Messrs. E. R. Barber, J. R. Horton, W. V. King, T E Holloway and Dr. Wm. E. Cross. A hearing was held before the Federal Horticultural Board, at Washington, D C., June 12, at 10 o'clock A. M. The question of extending the present quarantine lines in the New England States, on account of the spread of the gypsy and brown-tad moths was considered. In addition to the members of the Board the following entomologists were present. W C. O'Kane, Durham, N. H.; A. F. Burgess, D. M. Rogers and L. H. Worthley, Boston, Mass; W. E. Britton, New Haven, Conn.; E. D. Sanderson, Morgantown, W. Va., Congressman Roberts of Massachusetts, and a number of Christmas tree shippers were present. Issued August 15, 1913. OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OFFICIAL ORGAN AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS VOL. 6 OCTOBER, 1913 No. 5 A BROOD STUDY OF THE CODLING MOTH BY THOMAS J. HEADLEE, PH.D., New Brunswick, N. J. No phase of the life history of the codling moth is more important from the standpoint of control than the number and succession of broods. This part of the creature's natural history determines the periods during which fruit and foliage must be kept covered with a poisonous coating. The influence of climate on the metabolism of the moth is such that the study of broods gives different results for every section. It is probable that if we knew the exact effect of the climate we could form a close estimate of the number of broods, the dates of their appearance and duration in any locality, providing the climate of that locality were known. In the absence of this exact knowledge we are compelled to make a brood study of this insect in every region where its work is important. It has long been assumed that Kansas has two broods of codling moth, but the evidence of recent investigation indicates the presence of a partial third brood. In the year 1910, the tabulation of moth emergence at Parker, Kansas, indicated the emergence of a partial third brood which was not supported by records of larval emergence. In the year 1911, Mr. L. M. Peairs, working in northeastern Kansas, observed evidences of a third brood which he published in the JOURNAL of ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, Vol. 5, pp. 243-245. In the year 1912, the writer planned a careful cage study of the broods for the purpose of demonstrating the presence or absence of a third brood in that state. Cages were employed, because in view of the overlapping of the broods the claims for third brood, based on records of The data on which this paper is based were collected by the writer while head of the department of entomology and zoology in the State Agricultural College and Experiment Station of Kansas. larval emergence and work, pupation, and emergence of adults have never seemed absolutely conclusive. SOURCES OF MATERIAL USED TABLE SHOWING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LARVE COLLECTED DUBING JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER, 1911. More than 800 larvæ emerging during the late summer and fall of 1911 were enclosed in cotton-plugged glass vials and stored as the weather grew cold in a box 20 inches below the surface of the ground. In this box they were adequately protected from moisture. Fortyeight larvæ were collected from the trunks of apple trees on March 29, 1912, and enclosed in vials in a similar manner. Pupation in the first group reached the maximum by or before May 7, 1912 and ceased May 28, all that were alive transforming. Adult moths began to emerge May 16, reached the maximum by May 27, and ceased June 15. Pupation of the second group began April 15. Adult moths began to emerge May 11, reached the maximum by May 23, and ceased by May 27. BREEDING CAGE ARRANGEMENTS The first tree-cage consisted of ordinary screen wire tacked over a wooden frame which was 18 feet square and 18 feet high. This cage was set up May 15, 1912, over an unsprayed Jonathan, which stood about 174 feet high and filled the cage well. The tree was at once very carefully gone over for eggs of the moth; but none were found, and the trunk and larger branches were very carefully "wormed." The second tree-cage, made of similar size and of similar material, was completed over another unsprayed Jonathan apple tree on June 1, 1912. The trunk and larger branches were carefully "wormed" and all eggs and all wormy apples removed at intervals of a few days to June 27. The third tree-cage was the first cage removed from the Jonathan apple tree and placed over a Salome apple tree on July 27, 1912. The trunk and branches were carefully "wormed," all eggs removed to August 6, and all apples showing traces of infestation to August 12. ACTUAL BREEDING Moths to the number of 163 drawn from sources described already in this paper, and therefore of the first brood, were introduced into the Fig. 7. Chart representing the number of appearances of each stage of the codling moth and the period occupied by each appearance, as shown by cage studies. NUMBER PUPATING first tree-cage as follows: May 25-29, 27-28; 28-30; 29-6; 30-15; 31-7; June 1-13; 2-12; 4-4; 6-8; 7-4; 10-1; 11-4; 14-2. The first eggs appeared on May 27 and the last were found on July 4. The first worminess became evident on June 4, and the maximum (using this term to mean one-half of all that appeared) worminess was reached between June 24 and 28. The first of the 1123 larvæ that came from this tree appeared under the bands on June 24, the maximum was reached by July 5 and the last emergence came July 31. Pupation of these larvæ began on June 26, reached the maximum July Fig. 8. Chart representing the number of separate pupation periods as shown by cage and field studies in 1912. The pupation of overwintering brood in the orcharis was represented by too small a number to render the construction of a curve worth while. 10 and ceased August 11. All larvæ either transformed or died. Emergence of adults began July 5, reached the maximum July 23 and ceased August 21. Three hundred and seventy-six of the moths which emerged from the first tree-cage were introduced into the second tree-cage as follows: July 5 9; 6 10; 7-17; 8 18; 9 17; 10-12; 11-20; 12-27; 13- 40, |