According to Mr. James Hill, camp boss, the deceased arrived in the Monroe County area from Gifford, Florida, on July 15, 1966, and has been working at the camp since this time.

He is a big eater, smokes about five packs of cigarettes per week, and does not drink. He has had no medical history or attendance but has complained of a constant cold since coming from Florida; and according to his roommates, the deceased coughed continually all night long. Apparently, some time early this morning he got up to go to the bathroom. It is a walk of some 85 feet from the dormitory to the bathroom (actually an outhouse).

On following the path, spots of blood can be seen in the sand along the way as well as a fruit juice can filled with reddish-brown substance next to the deceased's bed. The deceased was found lying supine on the bathroom floor. There is blood on the toilet seat and on the floor of the toilet. A foamy, bright-red substance is emitting from the oral and nasal cavities. The body was removed by car 160 and lodged in the Monroe County Morgue at 10:35 a.m. State police request an autopsy be performed.

An autopsy was not performed, but the patient was signed out as having tuberculosis. His death is an example of (1) the lack of medical care available even in a county with a migrant health program; (2) the danger which a person with active tuberculosis presents to his fellow workers.

Senator WILLIAMS. Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease? Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes.

Under existing health laws, he would not be allowed to work in a kitchen. Yet, why would he be allowed to work in the field handling the same food without adequate medical screening?

In Steuben County, N.Y., Father Timothy Weider tells of Mrs. Robinson, a seasonal worker, who sought medical care for her sick baby in 1966. Without transportation, she walked 10 miles in a fruitless attempt to find a physician. Her baby died in her arms.

Another family was unable to return South in the winter of 1967 and lived in a corncrib in Steuben County. We have a picture of that. I think we can show that.

(Slide.) In the winter of 1967, unable to find transportation for medical care, the mother delivered a baby in this cornerib. The outside temperature was 15° below zero-yet the baby survived.

L

Senator WILLIAMS. Doctor, will you pause? I have to take 10 minutes to go to the Senate floor for a vote. You don't have any particular time problem now; do you?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. No, sir.

(A brief recess was taken.)
Senator WILLIAMS. All right.

Dr. RADEBAUGH. (Slide.) This again is the corncrib where in the winter of 1967 the baby was born, and an outside temperature of about 15° below zero. Some of the neighbors of this family were living in equally primitive conditions. Take a look at the next slide. (Slide.) Truck bodies.

And here is another slide with this make-shift-type arrangement for housing.

Senator WILLIAMS. Why is it that these families are there? The harvest is over.

Dr. RADEBAUGH. The harvest is over.

Senator WILLIAMS. Why do they remain through the winter?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. Some of the families are unable to get back South and will shift for themselves in the area of their last farmwork. Others will find temporary positions repairing boxes or working in cabbage for example, all winter long and a few will stay through, but they are still in the same condition, still working at the same type of work as the seasonal worker who travels, and every year in this community, as in others, there are some who come and finally settle, who stay on in these camps, and eventually become permanent residents. Father Weider stated that medical or dental care was almost impossible to obtain in this county of about 1,900 seasonal workers. Most of the people could not afford medical or dental care nor knew how to apply for medical assistance.

Dental problems are even more neglected than medical problems with the seasonal farmworkers. For example, in 1966, in Monroe County in an organized dental program, Dr. Louis Gangarosa and other dentists studied a series of migrant children and urban children. In the migrant children, they only found seven filled teeth in 68 children as compared to 173 filled teeth in the 97 urban children from a poverty area.

I may add that these seven teeth were all in one child and the others had never been exposed to dental care.

In addition in the migrant children, they found only 7 percent of the children had filled or missing teeth compared to 57 percent of the urban children. This showed almost total lack of dental care to which the migrant children had been exposed. This was even more evident in the adult population, many of whom have never see an dentist except for an emergency dental extraction.

Dr. Arthur Baker, deputy commissioner of health for the State of New York, has a deep interest in the medical problems of the seasonal worker in New York State.

To quote Dr. Baker:

There is a large reservoir of unmet medical needs among seasonal workers in this State. These workers need programs close to where they live and work, and the kinds of health problems which they exhibit cannot be adequately covered economically under existing social services.

The New York State Health Department with assistance from the Migrant Health Act sponsored several projects, one of which was a dental project in Wayne County. This dental clinic provided over 650 services to over 300 patients at a total cost of less than $10,000, including dental equipment and supplies, and the cost of the involvement of the dentists.

This was a small investment to cover unmet dental needs.

Why is the investment necessary? Why not let the seasonal worker attempt to use existing services? Perhaps, to listen to Mr. J. C. Gonzales, who commented about his recent paycheck, "I showed the check for 20 cents which I got for 2 weeks,"let's take a look at that check-(slide) one can understand why the usual medical care is not easily attainable for the seasonal worker. (See page 35 for the employer's letter respecting the wage payment to Mr. Gonzales.)

Senator WILLIAMS. That was from Curtice-Burns, Inc.?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. That is right. This is a large packing company in western New York State and hires Puerto Rican workers. This Puerto Rican worker arrived and was idle for the first week.

The second week that he was there, he had seven and a half hours work or the equivalent of seven and a half hours of work. His total pay during that time was absolutely 20 cents. Let's take a look at this pay stub and we can see what happens.

(Another slide.) For his board, they took out $10 of that pay and the total taken out together was $10.50, leaving him after his final deductions 20 cents.

Senator WILLIAMS. What is that; is that a Puerto Rico I-N-S? Mr. BLACKWELL. Puerto Rico Insurance.

Dr. RADEBAUGH. That is right.

Mr. BLACKWELL. The pay slip is dated July 30, 1967. The board deduction is $10. The total deduction is $10.50. Is that the $10 plus. this 50 cents?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes.

Mr. BLACKWELL. Well, gross earnings $11.25, seven and a half hours?

Senator WILLIAMS. I will say this: They keep good records.
Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes, much better than many areas.

Senator WILLIAMS. I notice a social security number. Where is the deduction for social security?

Mr. BLACKWELL. Is his social security this $0.49?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes.

Senator WILLIAMS. Point out social security.

Mr. BLACKWELL. 49 cents. Is this rate $1.50 an hour?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes.

Mr. BLACKWELL. The wage rate is $1.50 an hour and he worked seven and a half hours.

What is DBC?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. I don't know.

Mr. BLACKWELL. But the net pay story is still 20 cents.
Senator WILLIAMS, And that is for a full week's work?
Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes.

Mr. BLACKWELL. Seven and a half hours?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. This is all he got during 2 weeks that he was in that camp. He came with 40 workers and these 40 workers were told that when they arrived from Puerto Rico they would have a 40-hour week. The first week there was not enough for them to do and none of them worked.

In the second week, most of them were able to get about this period of time working. These are contract workers, also.

Senator WILLIAMS. They are working under contract?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes.

Senator WILLIAMS. They gave them really a guaranteed period of work?

Dr. RADEBAUGH That is right.

Though the contract workers supposedly have advantages, in this situation they were not able to enforce this.

Senator WILLIAMS. That was July of this year?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes, sir. I mention this only as an extreme example but it can be duplicated in a number of situations each season and illustrates the uncertainty of employment for the seasonal workers. But it also illustrates his often inability to buy the usual health

services.

Senator WILLIAMS. I wonder if he was required to pay tax on that 20 cents.

Dr. RADEBAUGH. I don't really know.

Senator WILLIAMS. What kind of company is this? That recordkeeping is meticulous in every detail.

Dr. RADEBAUGH. This is a large packing company and by law they have to keep this. They have a number of employees.

Senator WILLIAMS. What kind of housing do they supply?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. This housing is somewhat crowded, but really is better than the average.

Senator WILLIAMS. And the majority of the workers are Puerto Ricans?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes, sir.

Senator WILLIAMS. What is the crop that they are harvesting?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. They will handle tomatoes, and apples, and beans. Senator WILLIAMS. And they stay in the fall?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes, that is right.

Senator WILLIAMS. This period was the peak of the crop really for tomatoes.

Dr. RADEBAUGH. Yes.

Senator WILLIAMS. And he lost a week?

Dr. RADEBAUGH. That is right. I think one of the problems was somebody must have miscalculated their need for workers at that