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still rampant in the field that few institutional heads will admit that standards of performance can and should be imposed, and that the imposition should come, by all means, from within the profession.

Let me commend to the new Foundation director a daring and innovative project that he make his first grant to one of the existing exchange organizations, or to an ad hoc consortium of such organizations, for the specific purpose of convening a conference of all institutions interested in receiving Foundation grants, and with the specific objective of agreeing on common standards of organization, management, and performance to be met as a precondition to consideration for a grant, Accreditation would be granted not by the Foundation alone, but in collaboration with a self-accrediting committee constituted at the conference by agreement of the participating private agencies. Such an opening gambit on the part of the Foundation could be a lightning-bolt in the sometimes murky skies of educational-exchange programming.

Here, quickly, are some representative criteria which might be established for educational-exchange enterprises:

1. Stated organization objectives consonant with those of S. 1779.

2. Nonprofit status recognized by the Internal Revenue Service.

3. A paid professional staff (not to the exclusion of volunteer staff).

4. Demonstrated fiscal responsibility.

5. A proven record of responsible performance, with particular regard to continuous attention to, and management of, each sponsored program throughout its duration.

6. Open, nondiscriminatory recruitment of participants.

7. Careful selection of participants, on their merits and their suitability for the program at hand.

8. Careful selection and systematic training of program leaders.

9. Effective cross-cultural orientation of participants.

10. Established contacts in host countries abroad or in American host communities, as appropriate.

Government experience in program evaluation in the educational and cultural exchange field is so extensive that there is no need to dwell on it. The Experiment has one prejudice, however, which I feel compelled to raise. We are persuaded that only those projects should be funded which would afford each participant a genuine cross-cultural experience, by making it possible for him to meet and work with people of an unfamiliar culture and society on their own terms. There are many ways in which this type of immersion in another way of life may be achieved the Experiment homestay is only one of these. There are many other ways in which it cannot be achieved; the hop-skip-and jump-tour of several countries in dizzying succession is an example on the negative side. The new Foundation must be prepared to tell one approach from the other.

Finally, as a general rule, the Foundation should make only partial grants, with the expectation that the remaining fiscal requirements of the program would be met through fees paid by participants, through donations from other sources, or through a combination of both. The Experiment expects each participant to pay what he can, even if the sacrificial amount is only $50. The participant who contributes to the program to the best of his ability tends to take his participation seriously, and to enter into all activities with determination to derive from them everything he possibly can. A partial grant serves the interests of the institutional sponsor as well though he will not necessarily acknowledge the fact when applying for the grant. With a partial grant, he is likely to be zealous in holding down his costs, and aggressive in seeking other sources of support; but just as important, he has a built-in guarantee of his integrity as a private, independent enterprise cooperating with, but not dominated by, a public agency. These points, rather rapidly made, represent our initial contribution to your thinking on this constructive and significant piece of legislation. We hope they will prove useful. Beyond that, we offer you assurance of our continued interest in, and support of, the bill as it progresses, and of our willingness to comment further and at greater length, should such testimony and analysis be helpful to you in your deliberations.

Senator YARBOROUGH. Our next witness is Mr. James Fowler, president of the United States Youth Council.

Do you have a prepared statement?

Mr. FOWLER. Yes, I do, Senator. I gave it to your aide.

Senator YARBOROUGH. You have it here. Present it in your own way, and I will follow it.

STATEMENT OF JAMES D. FOWLER, PRESIDENT, U.S. YOUTH COUNCIL, NEW YORK, N.Y.

Mr. FOWLER. Fine, sir.

Mr. Chairman, my name is James D. Fowler, president of the United States Youth Council, which is a coordinating body of over 30 national youth and student organizations. Internationally, the Council is the United States affiliate of the World Assembly of Youth (WAY), an international grouping of national youth organizations from over 60 countries.

Although the council has been in existence for 20 years until 1962 it was known as the Young Adult Council-the significant international program activities of the organization started only in 1962. There are many explanations for ths; but, most important, one must consider the tone of the times. In 1962 the real "in" type thing among young people in this country was to become involved in helping other people through volunteer or full-time activity. This can best be seen in a structure like the Peace Corps, which has become in a short time such a accepted structure in our society that it is now considered almost "establishment."

I might further add, Senator, that one of the interesting things I think that still exists in the youth milieu in this country, that there is a continued commitment to volunteer activity, and I hope this will continue, I hope that it will.

Since 1962 the types of international programs which have been developed by the youth and student milieu of this country are extremely impressive. In many ways, the programs which in the recent past and are now, currently, being run by young people in this country are as good in content and often times better than the programs which are being run by the old line established nongovernmental type organizations. And yet, these old line nongovernmental organizations are the ones which have least difficulty in funding their same tired programs.

I think, in the interest of time, Senator, I go into and I am talking about three types of international involvement. I talk about the delegation, I talk about the seminar format, and I talk about leadership training, and I think, in the interest of time, I will skip that since you do have a copy, and I will go and talk about specifically what we have done in the last 2 years.

In the past 2 years that I have been associated with the U.S. Youth Council, we have organized three delegations (India, Singapore, Japan representation at the 1966 general assembly of WAY), held numerous seminars on an equally numerous range of topics and conducted three in-depth leadership training programs for Guyana, Singapore, and Sudan. During that same period of time we have also hosted for different periods of time on the average of two to three groups of foreign youth and student leaders a month, who pass through New York City. This kind of activity is exemplified by our hosting of a recent delegation of young British politicians, all of them under 35 years of age, who were visiting this country under the sponsorship of the American Council of Young Political Leaders. Also, we are currently planning a 4-day program for a group of youth leaders from Somalia who are here on a training program sponsored by the Agency for International Development.

Even with all this activity, the Youth Council still has a continual program in raising the necessary funds to conduct programs which almost everyone consider to be useful and important. The standard comment that we hear from foundations is that our program is admirable but they have already exceeded their authorized donation level or that our program does come within the narrow confines of what they define as the essential criteria for making grants.

In a recent fundraising drive, the Youth Council actively solicited support from corporations and foundations. Out of the 60 institutions contacted, we were able to eventually receive grants from only two. However, these grants together were not sufficient to pay the annual costs of running the U.S. Youth Council. It has become rather apparent to us that if the U.S. Youth Council wants to continue sponsoring international programs, we will have to receive funding from a structure other than the regular, established foundation and corporate institutions. The logical source, of course, is the Government. It is my opinion that the kind of Foundation which is suggested by Senate bill 1779 could make a tremendous contribution to the whole field of international youth and student activity, not to mention the whole broad field of international education, health, and labor. The value of such an institution is that it can help youth organizations sponsor useful international programs which before have always had serious funding problems.

Another value of such a Foundation is the fact that it would represent continuity in a field which has always had a very high level of turnover due to the nature of the work. Although a regular fresh input is good, oftentimes organizations have problems picking up the slack when they lose key people. The Foundation, however, could serve as a repository of continuity which could be utilized to shore up any serious gaps which might occur in youth organization's programs.

My only recommendation to this committee is that every effort should be made to have qualified, relevant young people serve as members of the International Health, Education, and Labor Council of your proposed Foundation. I realize that you have written such representation into your bill, but sometimes such high sounding words as "eminent in the field of youth activity" and "selected solely on the basis of established records of distinguished service" can bring stuffiness to a structure which should be fresh, alive, and innovative.

Senator YARBOROUGH. Are you going to be innovative so as to crawl in the windows and wreck the offices of the president of the university?

Mr. FOWLER. Pardon?

Senator YARBOROUGH. You would not want to be innovative by crawling through the windows and wrecking the offices of the president of the university.

Mr. FOWLER. You would be surprised, Senator, these type of people oftentimes have more success, related to the people in Germany who are doing the same thing, and it is very, very important, I think, to have the ability to communicate with these young people. I would say probably they have a better chance than you and I in talking to the followers of Red Rudi in Germany at this time, and I think it is important these people are important for us to talk to.

But, all kidding aside, I do not think we would storm the Bastille in this way. There are other ways to do it.

But I do thank you for inviting me to express our opinions, and if the U.S. Youth Council can be of any further assistance to you in an advisory capacity, we would be very happy to do so. (The prepared statement of Mr. Fowler follows:)

PREPARED STATEMENT OF JAMES D. FOWLER, PRESIDENT, U.S. YOUTH COUNCIL, NEW YORK, N.Y.

My name is James D. Fowler, President of the United States Youth Council, which is a coordinating body of over thirty national youth and student organizations. Internationally, the Council is the United States affiliate of the World Assembly of Youth (WAY), an international grouping of national youth organizations from over 60 countries.

Although the Council has been in existence for twenty years (until 1962 it was known as the Young Adult Council), the significant international program activities of the organization started only in 1962. There are many explanations for this; but, most important, one must consider the tone of the times. In 1962 the real "in" type thing among young people in this country was to become involved in helping other people through volunteer or full-time activity. This can best be seen in a structure like the Peace Corps, which has become in a short time such an accepted structure in our society that it is now considered almost "establishment".

Since 1962 the types of international programs which have been developed by the youth and student milieu of this country are extremely impressive. In many ways, the programs which in the recent past and are now, currently, being run by young people in this country are as good in content and often times better than the programs which are being run by the old line established non-governmental type organizations. And yet, these old line NGO organizations are the ones which have least difficulty in funding their same tired programs.

The basic form of international involvement by most youth organizations is the delegation. Since 1962, however, we have seen the very nature and reasons for this structure change so that now it has a much more meaningful role. For the most part, delegations in the past were of the fraternal nature. This essentially meant that groups of young people would visit one or more countries for the purpose of meeting counterpart organization members and for seeing the signts of that particular country. If they were lucky, there might also be some substantive program activity during the trip, but often times this was not the case. Upon return home, some correspondence might follow between host and visitor, but for the most part, the whole thing would be counted as an experience. Now, however, the idea of a delegation is different. Young people are demanding that this type of international activity have a well-drawn program with meaningful goals. They also want allowance for built-in components which enable substantive followthrough. In this way, participants feel more of a responsibility to somehow implement their experience.

The seminar structure is another format which has been around for a long period of time and in that time has achieved equal success with equal failure. Essentially, this type of activity is built around a central theme. Participants are chosen, based on the nature of the theme and where it is being held.

In many ways, this kind of structure can be used most effectively if properly organized. The seminar format allows the organizer maximum flexibility to conduct a program on a subject which is of some interest to those in attendance. This kind of program is also useful because it allows for good follow-through. You have a better idea what the interests of your participants are and of what help they can be following up.

The third kind of activity which is carried on by several youth groups is the leadership training format. In this type of activity the sponsoring organization assembles a program which is designed to provide the participants with some useful information which will enable them to become a more effective leader. There are many variations of this kind of program which depend mostly on the sophistication and expertise which already exists in the group. One of the real successful components of this kind of training, however, is utilization of group dynamic specialists (T-group methods, role playing, etc.). In this way you can

transfer lectures and discussions into meaningful experience in such a way that you can critique the results during the actual course of the program.

In the past two and one half years that I have been associated with the U.S. Youth Council, we have organized three delegations (India, Singapore, Japanrepresentation at the 1966 General Assembly of WAY), held numerous seminars on an equally numerous range of topics and conducted three in-depth leadership training programs for Guyana, Singapore, and the Sudan. During that same period of time we have also hosted for different periods of time on the average of two to three groups of foreign youth and student leaders a month, who pass through New York City. This kind of activity is exemplified by our hosting of a recent delegation of young British Politicians who were visting this country under the sponsorship of the American Council of Young Political Leaders. Also, we are currently planning a four day program for a group of youth leaders from Somalia who are here on a training program sponsored by the Agency for International Development.

Even with all this activity, the Youth Council still has a continual problem in raising the necessary funds to conduct programs which almost everyone consider to be useful and important. The standard comment that we hear from foundations is that our program is admirable but they have already exceeded their authorized donation level or that our program does come within the narrow confines of what they define as the essential criteria for making grants.

In a recent fund-raising drive, the Youth Council actively solicited support from corporations and foundations. Out of the sixty institutions contacted, we were able to eventually receive grants from only two. However, these grants together were not sufficient to pay the annual costs of running the U.S. Youth Council.

It has become rather apparent to us that if the United States Youth Council wants to continue sponsoring international programs, we will have to receive funding from a structure other than the regular, established foundation and corporate institutions. The logical source, of course, is the Government.

It is my opinion that the kind of Foundation which is suggested by Senate Bill 1779 could make a tremendous contribution to the whole field of international youth and student activity, not to mention the whole broad field of international education, health, and labor. The value of such an institution is that it can help youth organizations sponsor useful international program which before have always had serious funding problems.

Another value of such a Foundation is the fact that it would represent continuity in a field which has always had a very high level of turnover due to the nature of the work. Although a regular fresh input is good, often times organizations have problem is picking up the slack when they lose key people. The Foundation, however, could serve as a repository of continuity which could be utilized so shore up any serious gaps which might occur in youth organization's programs.

My only recommendation to this committee is that every effort should be made to have qualified, relevant young people serve as members of the International Health, Education, and Labor Council of your proposed Foundation. I realize that you have written such representation into your bill, but sometimes such high sounding words as "eminent in the field of youth activity" and "selected solely on the basis of established records of distinguished service" can bring stuffiness to a structure which should be fresh, alive, and innovative.

I would like to thank you for inviting me to express my opinions on your proposal. If the United States Youth Council can be of any further assistance to you on your proposed bill, we will be most happy to cooperate with you in any way possible. Please call upon us at your convenience.

Senator YARBOROUGH. Thank you very much for your statement. It is a very frank and beneficial statement. You have a very unusual prepared statement where you say that the seminar structure at times has achieved equal success and equal failure. It is very rare that a witness comes before our committee and admits he has failed part of the time.

Mr. FOWLER. That depends on the expertise you have and ability. But oftentimes if you do not have enough funding to get qualified people to pull these programs together

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