Scientific Integrity and Public Trust: The Science Behind Federal Policies and Mandates : Case Study 2--climate Models and Projections of Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, November 16, 1995, Volume 4U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996 - 1190 pages |
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Page 9
... atmospheric models predict the physical behavior of the atmosphere . Oceanic models represent the physics of the ocean . Cou- pled models , which scientists regard as the most advanced type of model , physically join the atmospheric and ...
... atmospheric models predict the physical behavior of the atmosphere . Oceanic models represent the physics of the ocean . Cou- pled models , which scientists regard as the most advanced type of model , physically join the atmospheric and ...
Page 10
... Atmospheric and oceanic models include fewer processes than coupled models where the oceans and the atmosphere meet , such as oceanic pressures , climatic fluc- tuations , and the effects of winds at the surface of the oceans ...
... Atmospheric and oceanic models include fewer processes than coupled models where the oceans and the atmosphere meet , such as oceanic pressures , climatic fluc- tuations , and the effects of winds at the surface of the oceans ...
Page 11
... atmosphere , thereby enhancing global warm- ing more rapidly than the models predict . Scientists estimate that cold start error causes models to underestimate temperature changes , resulting in projections of av- erage annual ...
... atmosphere , thereby enhancing global warm- ing more rapidly than the models predict . Scientists estimate that cold start error causes models to underestimate temperature changes , resulting in projections of av- erage annual ...
Page 26
... atmosphere . The satellite finds no warming in that layer . The top graph is the warming predicted by the model that was most cited in the United Nations ' document specifically designed to produce the backing for the Rio Climate Treaty ...
... atmosphere . The satellite finds no warming in that layer . The top graph is the warming predicted by the model that was most cited in the United Nations ' document specifically designed to produce the backing for the Rio Climate Treaty ...
Page 29
... atmosphere should have already warmed between 1.3 and 2.3 ° C as a result of changes in greenhouse gases ; the observed warming is 0.5 ° C . As a graphic example of this , note the difference between the greenhouse warming model of ...
... atmosphere should have already warmed between 1.3 and 2.3 ° C as a result of changes in greenhouse gases ; the observed warming is 0.5 ° C . As a graphic example of this , note the difference between the greenhouse warming model of ...
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activities adaptation aerosols AGBM agricultural analysis anthropogenic areas assumptions atmosphere baseline biomass bottom-up carbon dioxide carbon sequestration carbon tax climate change climate models climate system CO₂ emissions concentrations Convention cost-effective costs Dana Rohrabacher developing countries economic ecosystems effects emission reduction energy efficiency environmental estimates expected factors Figure forest forestry fossil fuels future gases Gigagrams Global Change global climate global warming greenhouse gas emissions growth human impacts implementation improved increase industrial inventory IPCC IPCC Working Group issues land methane mitigation ocean OECD options Panel Parties policies and measures potential predictions production projections radiative forcing range reduce emissions regional response ROHRABACHER SBSTA scenarios Science scientific sea level rise Second Assessment Report secretariat sector simulations sources studies Summary for Policymakers Table technical technologies temperature top-down transport uncertainties UNEP United USGCRP