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K. Halsnaes, M. Jaccard, W. D. Montgomery, R. Richels, J. Robinson, P.R. Shukla,
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Lead Authors:

W. Chandler, O. Davidson, J. Edmonds, D. Finon, K. Hogan, F. Krause, A. Kolesov, E. La Rovere, P. Nastari, A. Pegov, K. Richards, L. Schrattenholzer, R. Shackleton, Y. Sokona, A. Tudini, A. Weyant

SECOND EDITED DRAFT

Table of Contents

Summary

9.0 Introduction

9.1 Review of existing studies of the costs of reducing CO2 emissions 9.1.1 Studies of the Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions in the US 9.1.1.1 A Review of Top-down Studies

9.1.1.2 A Review of Bottom-up Studies

9.1.2 Studies of the Costs of Reducing CO2 emissions in Other OECD
Countries...

9.1.2.1 A Review of Top-down Studies

9.1.2.2 A Review of Bottom-up Studies

9.1.3 Studies of the Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions in Transitional
Economies...

9.1.3.1 A Review of Top-down Studies

9.1.3.2 A Review of Bottom-up Studies

9.1.4 Studies of the Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions in Developing
Countries.

9.1.4.1 A Review of Top-down Studies

9.1.4.2 A Review of Bottom-up Studies

9.1.5 Global Studies of the Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions

9.1.5.1 A Review of Top-down Studies: the importance of
international cooperation ....

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21

26

... 26

9.1.5.2 A review of bottom-up studies: the critical role of innovation... 31

9.2 Studies of the Costs of Carbon Sequestration

9.2.1 Costs of Carbon Sequestration

9.2.2 Potential Quantities of Carbon

.2.3 Cost Curves..

9.3 Studies of the Costs of Reducing Non-Energy GHG Emissions

9.3.1 Costs of Reducing Methane Emissions

9.3.1.1 Natural Gas and Oil Systems

9.3.1.2 Coal Mining

9.3.1.3 Waste Disposal

9.3.1.4 Ruminant Animals

9.3.1.5 Animal Manures

9.3.2 Costs of Reducing Emissions of Other Greenhouse Gases

9.3.2.1 Nitrous Oxide

9.3.2.2 Halogenated Substances

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9.4 General Conclusions

9.5 References

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