exercising them in the public service. After editing for some time the Risorgimente, he was appointed Minister of Public Instruction, having a seat at the same time in the Piedmontese Parliament. He played an important part in the stirring events of 1859. On the expulsion of the Duke of Modena, he was chosen Dictator of the Duchy, and aided greatly in bringing about the annexation of Modena and Parma to Piedmont. In 1860 we find him in Naples as Commissioner from the King of Italy, assisting in the arrangement by which Naples was to become part of the new Italian kingdom. He held office as Minister of Commerce and of Public Works in the last cabinet of Cavour, and earnestly defended the policy of alliance between France aud Italy. In consequence of the failure of his health, owing to close application to his public duties, he declined entering the Ministry of Ratazzi in 1862, but in December of the same year, he was named by royal decree President of the Cabinet. This post ill health compelled him to resign in March of the following year, his son Minghetti taking his place, the Parliament at the samne time voting him a grant of 20,000 francs and a pension of 25,000 francs. His principal works are "The Roman States," a "History of Italy," and "Letters to Lord John Russell and to Mr. Gladstone."

FENIAN BROTHERHOOD. The year 1866 was marked by overt acts of hostility against the British Government in America, on the part of the American Fenians, who, up to that period, had devoted their energies to the raising of money to advance the cause of independence in Ireland. In the early part of the year the dissensions which had been fomenting for some time in the bosom of the brotherhood, resulted in a rupture into two sections, known as the "O'Mahony" and the "Roberts," from the names of their respective chiefs. Charges of incompetency and dishonesty were freely exchanged between the belligerents; but the effect of this war of words, contrary to the general expectation, was to stimulate each party to do something to reinstate themselves more fully in the confidence of those who sympathized in the Fenian movement. This could be done quickest and best by an attack on some exposed point of the British dominions on this continent; for it was conceded by both parties that it would be impracticable to operate directly for the liberation of Ireland after the failure of the insurrection of the previous year. Both parties were successful in obtaining money from their adherents, by means of proclamations, public meetings, and organized private efforts.

The O'Mahony faction were the first in the field. In the month of April an iron steamer was purchased in New York, and manned with a skilful crew, for the purpose of carrying arms to Eastport, Maine, from which point a descent was to be made upon the island of Campobello, belonging to New Brunswick, and only a few miles distant from Eastport. Major B. Doran Killian had charge of the expedition. The men

composing the invading force, numbering about five hundred, quietly gathered at Eastport, coming by rail and steamboat from various points, and then anxiously awaited the arrival of the war steamer with the arms. The sailing of that vessel was, however, countermanded by O'Mahony, who also sent an agent to Boston to order the return home of fifty of the New York men, who were there awaiting transportation to the front. After a delay of some days, which were spent in holding public meetings and parading the streets of Eastport, a schooner arrived from Portland with seven hundred and fifty stands of arms, the offering of Fenian sympathizers in that city. The British consul at Eastport complained, and the arms were seized by order of the United States Government. A large British war steamer anchored off Campobello, but that did not prevent the crossing and landing of small bodies of Fenians, and others who desired to do so from the mainland. Troops were moved to the front from St. John, to prevent an invasion of the province, and a detachment of United States regulars were also sent up from Portland to Calais, at which point a considerable number of the Fenians had assembled. General Meade arrived on the 19th, and telegraphed to Portland for more troops, who were forwarded. A few days later, the Fenians, totally discouraged at the lack of support from their friends in New York, abandoned the enterprise and made their way home as best they could. Thus ended the expedition-the only result of which was to embitter still more the relations between the rival wings of the organization.

On the 10th of May, Head Centre Stephens, who had escaped from a British prison toward the close of 1865, arrived in New York, and met with a warm reception from both the O'Mahony and the Roberts factions, which were each desirous of securing his approval and cooperation. Some days after his arrival, O'Mahony tendered his resignation, which was accepted, and Major Killian was removed. Mr. Stephens apparently exerted himself to the utmost to restore good feeling between the fac tions, but without success. The Roberts party came to an issue with him on the question of the expediency of invading Canada. To this he was opposed, urging that every effort should be concentrated upon the raising of large sums of money for the "men in the gap" in Ireland. He asserted that these men, numbering hundreds of thousands, needed only money to win their independence. The factions, as before, spared no opportunity to assail each other's mo tives.

The Roberts party, under the military direc tion of General Sweeney, began to move in the latter part of May. On the 19th of that month one thousand two hundred stands of arms were seized at Rouse's Point by the United States custom-house officers. The Fenian centre at Ogdensburg claimed them, but they were detained by the United States authorities. On

the 29th, about four hundred Fenians, partly armed and carrying colors, passed through Cleveland, Ohio, going east. A number of Fenians also left Cincinnati for the east; and movements of the body were reported from many points of the west and southwest. On the 30th the Fenians assembled in secret convention at Buffalo, and an immediate descent on Canada was talked of. Ten cases of arms, containing about one thousand stands, were seized on the same day at St. Albans by the United States authorities. On the 31st two hundred Fenians left Boston for Ogdensburg, and several companies started from New York and Boston for the west.

Canada was thoroughly aroused at the prospect of an invasion. The whole volunteer force of Western Canada was ordered to be mobilized and placed under command of Sir John Michel. Companies of regulars and volunteers were moved to the threatened points from Toronto, Hamilton, London, and St. Catharine.

The invasion took place on the 1st of June. A force variously estimated at from twelve hundred to fifteen hundred men crossed the Niagara River at Buffalo in canal boats, and took possession of Fort Erie, an old work then unoccupied. The Fenians were under command of Colonel O'Neil, a graduate of West Point, an officer who had won some reputation during the recent American war The invaders generally conducted themselves with decorum, though they levied on the people for rations and horses. On the 2d the Fenians and Canadian volunteers, who had marched rapidly to meet them, came into collision, and a sharp skirmish ensued, in which nine volunteers were reported killed and a much larger number wounded. A number of Fenians were taken prisoners. On the same day General Grant arrived in Buffalo, and took steps to prevent any more Fenians from crossing the river. He issued an order to General Meade, directing that General Barry be assigned to the command of the frontier, and intimating that, in the event of further and more serious difficulty, it might be advisable for State troops to be On the night of the 2d the invasion culminated. The Fenians being without supplies, artillery, and reënforcements, left their encampments and attempted to withdraw to the American shore. The United States gunboat Michigan intercepted and arrested about seven hundred of the number.

called out.

General Barry, then in command on the frontier, accepted the following parole from over fifteen hundred of the men, belonging to the commands of Colonel Starr, of Louisville; Captain Kirk, of Chicago; Colonel McDonough, of Philadelphia; Captain Donohue, of CincinBati; Captain Haggerty, of Indianapolis, and others, and provided transportation for them to

their homes:

We, the undersigned, belonging to the Fenian Brotherhood, being now assembled in Buffalo, with

The officers were relieved on giving $500 bail each to appear at Canandaigua when required to answer for an infraction of the neutrality laws.

Fenians continued to pour into Buffalo to the number of two thousand men, it was said, but were ordered back by their commanding officers. President Roberts issued an order, advising the abandonment of the enterprise for the present.

Brigadier-General Burns, of the Fenian forces, published the following proclamation:

I had

BUFFALO, June 14, 1866. To the Officers and Soldiers of the Irish Army in Buffalo: BROTHERS: Orders having been received "from President Roberts requesting you to return to your homes, it becomes my duty to promulgate said order in this department. Having been but a day or two among you and witnessing with pride your manly bearing and soldierly conduct in refraining from all acts of lawlessness on the citizens of this city, it grieves me to part with you so soon. hoped to lead you against the common enemy of human freedom, and would have done so had not the extreme vigilance of the Government of the United States frustrated our plans. It was the United States, and not England, that impeded our onward march to freedom. Return to your homes for the present, with the conviction that this impediment will soon be removed by the representatives of the nation. Be firm in your determination to renew the contest when duty calls you forth. The cause is too sacred to falter for a moment. Let your present disappointment only prompt you to renewed energy in the future. Be patient, bide your time, organize your strength, and as liberty is your watchword, it will finally be your reward. leaving this city, where you have bountifully shared the hospitality of its citizens, I beg of you to maintain the same decorum that has characterized your actions while here. In issuing this order I cannot refrain from returning my thanks to General Barry, for his marked courtesy in the performance of his duty as an officer and a gentleman. M. W. BURNS, Brig. Gen. Com. Irish Army at Buffalo.

In

Simultaneously with the movement from Buffalo, Fenians were reported to be concentrating at St. Albans and Malone, Vt., for the purpose of invading Canada, from that quarter. The Canadian volunteers promptly rallied to repel the expected attack. Steamboats were ordered to be used as gunboats on Lake St. Peter. A Fenian advance in strong force was falsely reported on the 4th of June, and Captain Carter, in command of the troops at St. Armand, fell back to St. Alexander. On the 5th General Meade reached Ogdensburg, and commenced active operations to prevent hostilities. A large number of United States regulars had been ordered up to support him. The Attorney-General of the United States gave orders, by direction of the President, for the arrest of the principal Fenians engaged in the movement. The President also issued a proclamation for the preservation of neutrality.

On the 7th, the Fenians, reported to be from one thousand to one thousand two hundred strong, crossed the boundary and advanced to St. Armand, which had been evacuated by the Canadians.

On the same day, General Sweeney and his staff were arrested at St. Albans, Roberts at New York, and several officers at Buffalo. General Spear, being in command of the invading force, escaped. The Fenians levied on the Canadians for their supplies, but had no occasion to fight. On the 9th, Canadian troops advanced from St. Alexander to St. Armand, and the Fenians retired, fifteen of their number being taken prisoners. General Meade's prompt exertions prevented further trouble. He arrested and turned back two car-loads of Fenians on their way to the scene of action, accepted the paroles of the officers, and provided transportation, for all who required it, to their homes. Mr. Roberts having refused to give parole, or bail, was detained for several days in the New York county jail, and was

then released.

In August, it was expected that another and more serious invasion would take place on the occasion of the Fenian picnic at Clinton Grove, near Buffalo, on the 21st. Over 3000 Fenians, mostly from Buffalo and the immediate vicinity, appeared in the procession, many of them organized as companies and armed. At the Grove about 12,000 persons were assembled. After feasting, dancing, and other amusements, the spectacle of a sham fight took place between the Queen's Own," and the "10th Royals," personated by Fenian companies, and a force of Fenians proper. The battle of Limestone Ridge was fought over again with great effect, minus the killed and wounded. After the mimic conflict, General O'Neil and others made speeches, and thus terminated the day, without harm to the integrity of the British provinces.

"A Fenian Congress," called by President Roberts, convened at Troy on the 4th of September. There was a large attendance, Mr.

Roberts was reëlected President, and the following officers were also chosen: Senators, P. J. Meehan, New York; William Fleming, Troy; F. B. Gallagher, Buffalo; A. L. Morrison, Missouri; James Gibbons, Philadelphia; J. C. O'Brien, Rochester; William McQuirck, New Haven, Conn.; John Carlton, New Jersey; Thomas Redmond, Indiana. President of the Senate, P. J. Meehan. Speaker of the House, J. W. Fitzgerald, Cincinnati, Ohio; Clerk, G. G. Carroll, Geneva, N. Y. General Sweeney resigned, and President Roberts appointed Colonel Michael Bailey, of Buffalo, Chief Military Organizer, and Colonel O'Neil, Inspector-General of the Fenian Army. Resolutions of thanks to General Banks and to Congress were adopted, and several improvements introduced in the plan of organization.

The case of R. B. Lynch, a reported Fenian, who had been captured, tried, convicted, and sentenced to death in Canada, excited much sympathy throughout the United States. The Common Council of New York memorialized the President of the United States in his behalf and that of the the other Fenian prisoners. The Tammany Hall Democracy took similar steps, and appointed a committee to confer with the President.

Secretary Seward soon after addressed a communication to the British minister at Washington advising the exercise of clemency toward the prisoners, and the matter was at last settled to the relief of all concerned, by a dispatch from the British Colonial Office to the GovernorGeneral of Canada, commuting the sentence of those prisoners who had been sentenced to death. For the disposition of the other prisoners taken to Toronto and Sweetsburg for trial, see BRITISH NORTH AMERICA.

The United States Fenians accomplished nothing more of importance during the year 1866. Meetings were held in the interest of the contending factions, and appeals and addresses issued. Mr. Stephens still expressed his belief that the revolution in Ireland would be triumphant before the end of the year; but his faith was not shared by any considerable portion of the Irish population, and they gradually ceased to contribute to the accomplishment of an end which seemed to them so remote.

FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES. At the commencement of the annual session of Congress in December, 1865, the Secretary of the Treasury (Mr. McCulloch) presented in his report a statement of the current receipts and expenditures of the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1866. This statement contained the actual receipts and expenditures for the first quarter of the fiscal year ending September 30, 1865; and estimates for the remaining three quarters. In these estimates the opinion was expressed that the expenditures would exceed the receipts by $112,194,947. This conclusion was formed by the Secretary under the impression that the measures of taxation would yield a limited revenue