that period. Our flourishing daily, Tageszeitung für Brauerei, was founded in 1903. It furnishes to our members an opportunity to keep themselves informed as to the economical questions; besides, it serves the propaganda for the Brewing Institute and for the brewing trade in all respects. Its field also includes improvement of raw materials used in the trade and, also at present, care of horses, better use of yeast, maintenance of good relations with other trades; and before all, the crusade against the anti-alcohol movement. The Wochenschrift für Brauerei serves principally technical-scientific purposes. Yearbook, Wochenschrift, (Weekly) and Tageszeitung, (Daily Gazette) are mailed free to our members.

In the year 1889, an experimental brewery for bottom fermentation and a malt house were built, at a cost of M. 750,000. The sum of M. 229,000 was given by the Prussian state; M. 520,000 was subscribed by our members.

The institution grew quickly. The old rooms in the Royal Agricultural High School soon became too small, and in the year 1898 we moved into the new "Institute for Gährungsgewarbe." (Institute for Fermentology and Related Trades), in the Seestrasse, which was honored by a visit from his Majesty the Emperor. But here also we soon felt too crowded. New lecture rooms and laboratories, larger meeting rooms for our annual October sessions and space for our exhibitions had to be provided; the experimental brewery also needed enlargement. The most urgent need was an experimental brewery for top fermentation. For these alterations. and new additions, which were completed in 1908, the Prussian state again gave M. 800,000.

We are in organic connection with the royal agricultural high school; besides, there are combined with us in the Institute of Fermentology and all under the management of Privy Councillor Delbrueck, a series of other fermentation trades, which are all provided with the necessary experimental facilities.

Our inner organization might also be of interest to you. Besides the purely scientific departments we have also a series of technical departments, each of which is under the supervision of its own scientific department chief, such as a laboratory for our brewery, an analytical laboratory for general work, a raw-material laboratory exclusively for the raw materials, barley and hops, a technical laboratory for firing, and a biological laboratory. In these laboratories, for instance, within the last year, more than 14,000 analyses

were made which were paid for. Furthermore, we have a large technical department for machinery, a department for publications, a department for physiology of nutrition and an economical department, which deals exclusively with all economical matters relating to the brewing trade. We have a number of committees composed of a large number of men engaged in experimental work, who combine their activities with the scientists. So we have an economical committee, a machine-technical committee and a technical committee on firing, committees for brewing raw materials, for malting and brewhouse work, for yeast, fermentation and cellar work, for hop fermentation, for transportation, and a scientific committee. These committees meet once a year, if necessary oftener, and decide, after proper deliberation, what questions need attention and solution most urgently. So practice and science work here together in closest connection; the practice thus exerts an immediate influence upon the work of our institution and we men of science thus remain continuously in contact with the pulse of our trade. In this manner also the least friction here and there, between science and practice is avoided, and, as in these committees all social classes of the brewing trade are represented, they have had a considerable part in harmonizing the interests in our trade.

FOSTERED BY THE STATE.

But, gentlemen, our Brewing Institute in Berlin has also exerted outwardly results of extraordinary import. We are in the closest connection with the highest authorities of the state, which find expression not only in repeated visits of his Majesty the Emperor, and his ministers, but also in appropriations by the state for the enlargement of our institute. Our school is connected with the Royal Agricultural High School in Berlin, and our pupils receive, after having passed the examination, after three years of study, the State Diploma for Brewing Engineer. Our State Government has, as you see, recognized our trade as an honest trade, and an unjust throttling of the brewing industry through popular vote and legislative measures, as has happened in your country and may happen again any day, is simply impossible in our country. Our State Government and Legislature are not so unwise as to "kill the goose that lays the golden eggs;" on the contrary, it cares for this goose, furnishing everything desired. But if the brewing trade were not an honest one, if beer would really poison the people and make them unfit,

as the fanatical prohibitionists declare-we in Germany need, more than any other country in the world, brave, virile men, strong in body and morals,—then our government and legislature would not hesitate a moment to "kill the goose," notwithstanding the golden eggs she lays; that means it would not hesitate to crush the brewing trade, as has been done in certain territories here in your country.

BENEFIT TO AGRICULTURE.

We are in closest relation with agriculture. Formerly there was no friendly relationship between the brewing industry and agriculture. I have always regretted that, and always emphasized the necessity for the brewer to work hand in hand with the farmer. Years ago, an attempt was made to import American malt. I antagonized this attempt as much as I could, and I have indeed succeeded, for American malt did not find acceptance in the German breweries. I think, gentlemen, that I thus served the interests of the American breweries, for if the German breweries had begun the use of American malt, they would have only taken the best of the higher quality and that would surely not have been in the interest of the American brewing trade. Nevertheless, at that time some American journals attacked me bitterly. Those papers then called me "super-agrarian" and thought thereby to disgrace me generally, and to injure me particularly in the eyes of our German brewers. But they were greatly disappointed; I have with pleasure accepted the title "super-agrarian," have borne it with pride, and today every German brewer is convinced that brewer and farmer must work together hand in hand; they depend upon each other; their interests do not collide, but move in the same direction. The success of our working together is obvious. Our efforts to improve our brewing barleys have been accompanied by a success that would never have been possible without the collaboration of the brewing industry, agriculture and science. Proof of it are the wonderful barleys that today are used in our breweries, and as they are shown to our brewers every year at our October exhibition in hundreds of samples. Here also the State Government shows its interest in our endeavors by donating prizes which are given to the growers of the best barleys.

We have won influence with the trade. We buy our barleys today almost exclusively on the basis of scientific approval; we buy our malt, in addition to what we do not produce ourselves, from the

malt-factories only on the basis of a fixed guaranteed content of water and extract, thus on the basis of the chemical analysis. Our relations to the trade have thus become more harmonious and differences which were common occurrences formerly, very seldom occur now. The trade has acknowledged the authority of the scientific brewing organizations, and in our juries, which every year have to judge the exhibited barleys and hops, and to award the prizes, are not only representatives of the breweries and agriculturists, but also of the barley, hop and malt trade.

We have won the greatest influence in scientific and educated circles, which formerly kept themselves aloof from the brewing trade. Our researches have also assumed importance for general biology and thereby we have stepped out of the narrower consideration of our trade into the general development of science. This finds, today, its expression in our collaboration for scientific research with many chemical, biological and medical institutions in all parts of the world.

We have influence with the people, and that is a fact of the highest importance. As far as I can see and experience, up to the present time, the American brewing trade, in consequence of the intemperate and fanatical abstinence movement, does not possess the esteem due to it. In Southern Germany the relations of the people to the breweries have always been cordial, at least, better than in Northern Germany. But, today, the North German brewing trade has secured for itself the high esteem of the people, which it rightfully claims and which is necessary for its highest development. Gentlemen, our Brewing Institute has been no small factor in achieving this. Our efforts have not only secured immediate business advantages, but also the position due to it in public life as an industry, which works with all facilities that science and technical progress supply. The colossal means that they apply to improve the raw material, always with the purpose to make beer the better, more wholesome, purer, of higher quality, and to raise the standard of the industry has long been known and appreciated by our people. Our Tageszeitung für Brauerei is not only read by brewers but the people generally give it their attention. Our brewmasters have been elevated to a higher social position through the entire development which our trade has made, through the

more exacting demands which are made in regard to their fundamental school education and the scientific-technical education they receive in our schools, between which there is no business competition but only mental rivalry. They are more than formerly likely to serve as the middleman between brewer and consumer.

In many communities our brewers are members of state or communal bodies; they bring themselves and their trade nearer to wide circles of the people by lectures in benevolent and social organizations, and also we officials of our institute hold, whenever the occasion offers itself, popular lectures for the purpose of enlightening the people in reference to the brewing trade. The lectures are then printed and distributed by the breweries in thousands of copies. For instance, I once gave a lecture on "Beer on its way from the keg to the glass" of which 50,000 copies were sent out among the people. Thus, gentlemen, has our Brewing Institute been useful and a benefit to our German brewing trade in various aspects and it is no vain boast when I say that the founding of our institution and others similar to it has been a blessing to the trade.

Gentlemen, the conditions under which the men of science work in the institutions founded and supported by brewers are unfamiliar to you, as they do not correspond with the conditions obtaining in this country. We are exclusively in the service of the brewing trade and do not know any other interests than those of that industry, whose confidence has called us to our posts and to whose service we have dedicated ourselves. We do not know any other ambition but the performance of duty our work entails, and to solve the problems which the welfare of our trade demands. But just for that reason we feel ourselves free men. We are free to pursue our course without considerations that may hamper the work of others. We feel ourselves only responsible to our conscience and we are sustained by the confidence of our trade. Under these conditions it is a delight for us to work.

Gentlemen, such are the conditions with us, thus has our brewing trade established itself, and without this organization it could not have withstood the storms that in the course of time raged about it. I knew the conditions of the American brewing trade long before the day on which I first put my foot on your shore. I have the impression that in this country one works more extensively and less intensively, not excepting those in the brewing trade. You have a large, rich country, and for a long time have scratched the suface