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requirements. Such limitation would, in effect, serve as a form of controlling the land use and development. Many States are already instituting such measures within their own jurisdictions.

We believe that planning for adequate sewerage services must be an integral element in land use planning. We do not believe that the municipal sewerage system should be used as a land use development device, Therefore, we are encouraging the incorporation of sewerage system design, at the earliest possible stage, in land use planning.

Question 12. There is no question that the U.S. can regulate the discharge into any area of the ocean of any waste generated in this country. However, the regulation of discharge of waste of other origin beyond 12 miles is non-existent and beyond 3 miles tenuous-without even considering the difficulties of surveillance and enforcement. What initiatives do you foresee in this area?

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Answer. Section 10 of the bill would require the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Administrator, to "seek international action and cooperation to ensure protection of the marine environment The subject of international initiatives was discussed by Chairman Train of the Council on Environmental Quality in his testimony before this Subcommittee on March 26, 1971, at Rehoboth Beach, Delaware.

Question 13. How do you recommend that land use controls be incorporated in State implementation plans?

Answer. Certain uses of land seriously affect water quality. These land use problems include agricultural runoff (irrigation and feedlot) leading to increased levels of bacteria, nutrients, taste, odor, temperature, turbidity and pesticide, etc., residues; acid mine drainage causing chemical pollution and sedimentation, construction causing high turbidity, and erosion. Accelerated runoff from paved or other impermeable surfaces also adversely affects water quality. A common characteristic of these varied land uses is that they result in difficult to control non-point discharges.

The Environmental Protection Agency has jurisdiction to protect the nation's waters through the development and enforcement of water quality requirements rather than through direct control over land usage. When water quality fails to meet established water quality criteria or other appropriate measures of quality, the causes of the failure are analysed and correctional programs are implemented wherever possible. Water quality standards accordingly include implementation plans which list all municipal and industrial sources discharging to waters covered by the standards and prescribe schedules for the construction of waste treatment facilities or other means of pollution abatement.

Control of pollution from non-point sources presents exceptional technical problems. As the first step to a solution, each non-point source must be identified by inclusion on the implementation plan of the State where the discharge occurs. Thus, implementation plan listings will be expanded to include all discharges, point and non-point.

Identification of all discharges will bring existing problems into focus. Where the technology exists for abatement, sources will be requested to schedule correction as soon as practicable. In addition, Federal and State authorities will be able to develop schedules for sources not currently susceptible of abatement as soon as increased information and advancing technology permit.

SENATOR COOPER ON BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY

Question 14. In your proposal you would authorize the establishment of "best available technology" for new effluent sources. How far, in your judgment, are we from technology that is basically closed-cycle as far as water effluents are concerned?

Answer. The technology exists to provide closed-cycle waste recirculation and recovery for most industrial wastes. We are now attempting practical application of this technology to specific wastes. The principal problem to be solved is making the application economically feasible. Attached is a listing of projects currently funded by EPA which deal with this technology.

TABLE 1.-INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECTS INVOLVING CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMS, WATER REUSE, OR PRODUCT RECOVERY

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010 DSA

010 DPF

010 DRE

010 DMF

010 FNM

020 EAS

620 DỌC

020 ERM

020 GLF

040 FUB

040 EEL

040 EJU

040 EEK

040 DYD

Electroplating waste treatment and water reuse.

Treatment recovery, and reuse of copper wire mill pickling wastes. Pollution control of blast furnace gas washer through recirculation. Chemical treatment of plating waste for elimination of chromium, nickel and metal ions.

Recovery of sulfuric acid and ferrous sulfate from waste pickle liquor. Demonstration of the recondition and reuse of organically contaminated brines from chemical process industries,

Evaluation of polymeric materials for the treatment and recovery of petrochemical wastes. lon-exchange effluent treatment unit (PET).

Hartig pond closing system--Phosphate chemical plants.

Closure of water use loop in NSSC

pulp and paperboard mill utilizing R-O as a unit operation. Development of reverse osmosis for in-plant treatment of dilute pulping industry wastes.

The production and use of activated carbon for water renovation in kraft pulp and papermills. Treatment of selected internal kraft mill wastes in cooling tower. Evaluation and demonstration of the massive lime process for the removal of color from kraft pulpmill wastes.

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040 FKS

Steam stripping and rectification of

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kraft pulpmill condensates and

black liquors.

Pigments recovery and reuse.

040 FES

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Sludge disposal and material recovery S. D. Warren Co...

system for manufacturers of coated

packinghouse animal paunch and

blood.

Concentration of sugar beet wastes for economic treatment with biological systems.

Development and demonstration of an ultrafiltration plant for the abatement of pollution from cottage cheese whey. Reconditioning and reuse of food processing brines.

Integrated treatment of liquid wastes from food canning operations.

Lime treatment and inplant reuse of an activated sludge plant effluent in the citrus processing industry. Use of fungi imperfecti in waste control.

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Pilot plant installation for use of fungi Green Giant Co...

imperfecti on vegetable wastes.

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from waste whey by use of ultrafiltration and R.0.

Recovery of brine through activated carbon treatment for reuse in olive storage. 5 percent of total water use is reused by closing selected fluming operations and keeping bacterial counts down by acidification technique. 75 to 100 percent of treated effluent passed through barometric legs of condensers. Bench top use of fungi imperfecti for treatment of corn and soy wastes with recovery of mycelium for feed. Pilot plant operation to verify above results on corn wastes using activated sludge and extended aeration, Ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis for recovery of protein found in waste stream. For use in human or animal feed formulations.

TABLE 1.-INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECTS INVOLVING CLOSED LOOP SYSTEMS, WATER REUSE, OR PRODUCT RECOVERY-Continued

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1. Technical Considerations.-The alternatives in wastewater treatment are shown in summary flow diagram below.

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The alternatives shown primarily consist of:

a. Wastewater Treatment (as required to abate pollution to meet water quality standards)

(1) for discharge (to meet necessary water quality criteria)

(2) for reuse (to meet industrial water quality demands to conserve water and offset cost of treatment)

b. In-plant Measures (to reduce pollutants and water discharge)

(1) Operational (housekeeping techniques and manufacturing procedure) (2) Design (to permit reuse, to reduce wastewater generation)

c. Residue Treatment

(1) Input net recovery (to reduce gross disposal, utilizes values)

(2) Residue stabilization (to meet environmental standards)

d. Combined *

(1) Joint treatment (to utilize scale factors, off-peak capacity, synergistic effects)

(2) Others (combined a-b-c methods as appropriate)

A staff analysis and summary of the pending water pollution legislation and the text of each bill follows:

WATER POLLUTION LEGISLATION PENDING BEFORE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AIR AND WATER POLLUTION

S. 75 (Senator NELSON)-Detergent Pollution Control Act*

The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency shall issue standards of water eutrophication ability, biodegradability, toxicity, and of effects on the public health and welfare which must be met by all synthetic detergents. It shall be unlawful after June 30, 1973, for any person to import or manufacture any detergent not in compliance with these standards. Federal assistance is provided to accelerate the development and manufacture of detergents that are pollution free.

S. 192 (Senator NELSON)- Marine Pollution Control Act

After June 30, 1975, no citizen of the United States shall dispose of refuse materials originating within the U.S. into the Great Lakes, the coastal waters of the U.S., or the high seas without a permit from the Administrator of the EPA with concurrence of the Council on Environmental Quality.

S. 280 (Senator NELSON)-National Lakes Preservation Act

Establishes a National Lake Areas System to preserve, protect, and make accessible the lake areas of the Nation (to be composed of both federally administered lake areas and lake areas administered by the States). The Secretary of the Interior shall conduct a nationwide study of lake areas considering resource, economic, recreational, agricultural, and industrial values to establish the most appropriate means of preserving and protecting such areas. The Secretary is authorized to issue regulations governing the public use of Federal lake areas. The Secretary shall support, assist, and encourage programs, including grants and contracts, of lake and lake area research, investigation, and experiments.

S. 281 (Senator NELSON)-amends Water Pollution Control Act* Protects the navigable waters of the United States from further pollution by requiring that pesticides manufactured for use in the United States or imported for use in the United States comply with certain standards of biodegradability and toxicity. It shall be unlawful after June 30, 1973, for any person to import or manufacture pesticides which do not comply with these standards.

S. 523 (Senator MUSKIE)-National Water Quality Standards Act Authorizes a five year national program of $25 billion for the construction of waste treatment plants to improve and achieve more efficient waste treatment. The Administrator of the EPA shall issue standards to protect and enhance the existing quality of all waters. These standards shall apply to all navigable waters and their tributaries and must be adopted with a statutory deadline and attained *Will be subject of later hearing.

within three years of approval. Ocean discharges would be regulated through permits granted by the Administrator. Negligent violation of a water quality standard, requirement of an implementation plan, or an order of the Administrator would be liable to a civil penalty of $10,000 per day. A knowing violation would be subject to criminal penalty of $25,000 per day or imprisonment for up to one year. Administrator may enter and inspect effluent sources. Any person may sue a polluter to abate a violation of water quality standards. Discharge of hazardous substances would be prohibited.

S. 573 (Senator MUSKIE)-amends Clean Air Act & Water Pollution Control Act*

Provides for standards for the manufacture of certain products to protect the quality of the Nation's air and navigable waters.

S. 601 (Senator SAXBE)-to amend the Water Pollution Control Act

Provides assistance for river basin programs, not to exceed 50% of administrative, investigatory, operator training, and water quality control inspection costs of carrying out a basin water quality management plan.

S. 679 (Senator STEVENS)-to amend the Refuse Act of 1899

Increases penalties relating to wrongful deposit of certain refuse, injury to harbor improvements, and obstruction of navigable waters from $2,500 to $100,000, and repeated infractions would be treated as separate violations each day they continue.

S. 927 (Senator SPONG)-amends Clean Air Act & Water Pollution Control Act

Prohibits false or deceptive statements, representation, or claims in advertising a product, service, system, or device to prevent or control air or water pollution. Administrator of EPA shall issue regulations designed to prevent the making of such statements, including provisions for the Federal Trade Commission to receive and investigate complaints concerning such statements.

S. 1011 (Senator WILLIAMS)-National Marine Waters Pollution Control Act

Provides means and measures to control the discharge of wastes transported by any means from areas within the U.S. and to protect and enhance the quality of the marine environment. Prohibits the discharge or cause or contribution to discharge of wastes from any vessel, except sewage discharged from marine sanitation devices. There shall be a civil penalty of not more than $100,000 a violation. Within 180 days after enactment, the Administrator of the EPA shall issue proposed regulations governing the discharge of wastes by any owner or operator of a vessel or onshore or offshore facility into or upon all or any portion or portions of the waters beyond the contiguous zone. The Administrator shall make grants to any State, municipality, or other political subdivision for the construction of treatment works annually.

S. 1012 (Senator COOPER)-amends Water Pollution Control Act

Amends Sections 5, 6, & 7 providing increased authorizations for appropriations to assist the State and interstate water pollution control programs. Provides additional flexibility to the Administrator of *Will be subject of later hearing.

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