(2) Every State should adopt appropriate measures for the prevention of marine pollution, whether acting individually or in conjunction with other States under agreed international arrangements. (3) States should use the best practicable means available to them to minimize the discharge of potentially hazardous substances to the sea by all routes, including land-based sources such as rivers, outfalls and pipelines within national jurisdiction, as well as dumping by or from ships, aircraft and platforms. (4) States should ensure that their national legislation provides adequate sanctions against those who infringe existing regulations on marine pollution. (5) States should assume joint responsibility for the preservation of the marine environment beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. (6) The States at higher levels of technological and scientific development should assist those nations which request it, for example by undertaking programmes, either directly or through competent agencies, intended to provide adequate training of the technical and scientific personnel of those countries, as well as by providing equipment and facilities needed in areas such as research, administration, monitoring or surveillance, information, waste disposal, and others, which would improve their ability to discharge their duties consisting of protecting the marine environment. (7) States should discharge, in accordance with the principles of international law, their obligations towards other States where damage arises from pollution caused by their own activities or by organizations or individuals under their jurisdiction and should co-operate in developing procedures for dealing with such damage and the settlement of disputes. (8) Every State should co-operate with other States and competent international organizations with regard to the elaboration and implementation of international agreed rules, standards and procedures for the prevention of marine pollution on global, regional and national levels. (9) States should join together regionally to concert their policies and adopt measures in common to prevent the pollution of the areas which, for geographical or ecological reasons, form a natural entity and an integrated whole. (10) International guidelines and criteria should be developed, both by national Governments and through intergovernmental agencies, to provide the policy framework for control measures. A comprehensive plan for the protection of the marine environment should provide for the identification of critical pollutants and their pathways and sources, determination of exposures to these pollutants and assessment of the risks they pose, timely detection of undesirable trends, and development of detection and monitoring systems. (11) Internationally agreed criteria and standards should provide for regional and local variations in the effects of pollution and in the evaluation of these effects. Such variables should also include the ecology of sea areas, economic and social conditions, and amenities, recreational facilities and other uses of the seas. (12) Primary protection standards and derived working levels-especially codes of practice and effluent standards-may usefully be established at national levels, and in some instances, on a regional or global basis. (13) Action to prevent and control marine pollution (particularly direct prohibitions and specific release limits) must guard against the effect of simply transferring damage or hazard from one part of the environment to another. (14) The development and implementation of control should be sufficiently flexible to reflect increasing knowledge of the marine ecosystem, pollution effects, and improvements in technological means for pollution control and to take into account the fact that a number of new and hitherto unsuspected pollutants are bound to be brought to light. (15) Every State should co-operate with other States and with competent international organizations with a view to the development of marine environmental research and survey programmes and systems and means for monitoring changes, in the marine environment, including studies of the present state of the oceans, the trends of pollution effects and the exchange of data and scientific information on the marine environment. There should be similar co-operation in the exchange of technological information on means of preventing marine pollution including pollution that may arise from offshore resource exploration and exploitation. (16) International guidelines should also be developed to facilitate comparability in methods of detection and measurement of pollutants and their effects. (17) In addition to its responsibility for environmental protection within the limits of its territorial sea, a coastal State also has responsibility to protect ad A jacent areas of the environment from damage that may result from activities within its territory. (18) Coastal States should ensure that adequate and appropriate resources are available to deal with pollution incidents resulting from the exploration and exploitation of seabed resources in areas within the limits of their national jurisdiction. (19) States should co-operate in the appropriate international forum to ensure that activities related to the exploration and exploitation of the seabed and the ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction shall not result in pollution of the marine environment. (20) All States should ensure that vessels under their registration comply with internationally agreed rules and standards relating to ship design and construction, operating procedures and other relevant factors. States should co-operate in the development of such rules, standards and procedures, in the appropriate international bodies. (21) Following an accident on the high seas which may be expected to result in major deleterious consequences from pollution or threat of pollution of the sea, a coastal State facing grave and imminent danger to its coastline and related interests may take appropriate measures as may be necessary to prevent, mitigate, or eliminate such danger, in accordance with internationally agreed rules and standards. (22) Where there is a need for action by or through international agencies for the prevention, control or study of marine pollution, existing bodies, both within and outside the United Nations system, should be utilized as far as possible. (23) States should assist one another, to the best of their ability, in action against marine pollution of whatever origin. ANNEX IV LIST OF DOCUMENTS BEFORE THE CONFERENCE Official conference documents A/CONF.48/1-Provisional agenda. A/CONF.48/2-Annotations to the provisional agenda. A/CONF.48/3-Provisional rules of procedure. A/CONF.48/4-Draft Declaration on the Human Environment. A/CONF.48/5—An action plan for the human environment. A/CONF.48/6-Planning and management of human settlements for environmental quality (subject area I). A/CONF.48/7 and Corr.1-Environmental aspects of natural resources management (subject area II). A/CONF.48/8 and Corr.1-Identification and control of pollutants of broad international significance (subject area III). A/CONF.48/8/Add.1-Draft articles of a convention on ocean dumping. A/CONF.48/9-Educational, informational, social and cultural aspects of environmental issues (subject area IV). A/CONF.48/10-Development and environment (subject area V). A/CONF.48/11-International organizational implications of action proposals (subject area VI). A/CONF.48/11/Add. 1-Views of the Preparatory Committee for the Confer ence. A/CONF.48/12-The United Nations system and the human environment: consolidated document submitted by the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination. A/CONF.48/13 and A/CONF.48/13/Rev. 1-Bibliography. A/CONF.48/14-Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human En vironment. Information documents A/CONF.48/INF.1-Information on Conference documents. A/CONF.48/INF.2-Recommendations for action. A/CONF.48/INF.3-List of abbreviations. A/CONF.48/INF.4-General information. A/CONF.48/INF.5-Provisional list of participants. A/CONF.48/INF./Rev.11-List of participants. A/CONF.48/INF.6-List of NGO observers. A/CONF.48/INF.71-List of Conference room papers before the Conference. 1 To be issued. ANNEX V TABLE SHOWING THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE NUMBERS OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS AS THEY APPEAR IN THE REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE AND THE NUMBERS OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS AS ADOPTED BY THE CONFERENCE In the Conference documents and throughout the discussion at the Conference, the draft recommendations were identified by the numbers of the paragraphs in which they appeared in the basic Conference document for the subject area concerned. New draft recommendations were identified by additional numbers in the same series or by letters added to the numbers of the original draft recommendations contained in the Conference document. After the texts had been adopted by the Conference, the recommendations were renumbered serially as they now appear in chapter II, section B, above. The correspondence between the new numbers as given in chapter II, section B, and the former numbers appearing in the respective Conference documents indicated below is shown in the following table. Environmental aspects of natural resources management (A/CONF.48/7 |