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Melvin S. Day, Head, Office of Science Information Service, National Science Foundation.

Alden L. Doud, Assistant Legal Adviser, Department of State.

Slator C. Blackiston, Jr., Executive Secretary, Secretary's Advisory Committee.

Simon Bourgin, Science Adviser, USIA.

James R. Fowler, Special Assistant, Office of the Administrator, Agency for International Development.

Stuart P. French, Principal Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs.

Fitzhugh Green, Associate Administrator, International Affairs, Environmental Protection Agency.

Richard S. Green, Assistant Surgeon General and Chief Engineer, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

Stanley M. Greenfield, Assistant Administrator for Research and Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency.

William A. Hayne, Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President.

Wallace Irwin, Jr., Senior, Adviser, Environmental Affairs, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, New York, N.Y.

Clayton E. Jensen, Chief, Environmental Monitoring, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce.

Donald R. King, Science Adviser, Office of Environmental Affairs, Department of State. Saul Levine, Assistant Director, Division of Environmental Affairs, Atomic Energy Commission.

Robert Porter, Science Adviser, Environmental Protection Agency.

John W. McDonald, Jr., Coordinator. Multilateral Development Programs, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Department of State.

Charles J. Orlebeke, Deputy Under Secretary for Policy Analysis and Program Evaluation, Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Robert B. Rosenstock, Adviser for Legal Affairs, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, New York, N.Y.

Logan H. Sallada, Deputy Director of the Executive Secretariat, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Francis J. Seidner, Deputy Director, Office of International Conferences, Department of State.

Harry Shooshan, Director, Office of International Activities, Department of the Interior.

John Stuart, Press Adviser, U.S. Information Agency.

Lee Talbot, Senior Scientist, Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President.

John P. Trevithick, Director, Science and Technology, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Department of State.

Sidney A. Wallace, Captain, USCG, Chief, Marine Environment Protection Division, U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation.

Richard Wilbur, Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health and Environment).

APPENDIX II

UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY

REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT HELD AT STOCKHOLM, 5–16 JUNE 1972*

CONTENTS

PART 1-ACTION TAKEN BY THE CONFERENCE

I. Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. II. Action Plan for the Human Environment.

*To be issued subsequently as a United Nations publication.

A. Framework.

B. Recommendations for international action.

C. The Action Plan.

III. Resolution on institutional and financial arrangements.

IV. Other resolutions adopted by the Conference.

World Environment Day.

Nuclear weapons tests.

Convening of a second United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment.

Expression of thanks.

V. Referral to Governments of recommendations for action at the nationa! level.

PART 2-BACKGROUND

VI. Constitution of the Conference.

PART 3-PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE

VII. Attendance and organization of work.

VIII. Brief summary of the general debate.

IX. Establishment of the Working Group on the Declaration of the Human Environment.

X. Action on reports of committes and of the Working Group.

A. First Committee.

B. Second Committee.

C. Third Committee.

D. Working Group on the Declaration on the Human Environment.
E. Credentials Committee.

XI. Adoption of the Action Plan for the Human Environment.

XII. Adoption of the report of the Conference.

ANNEXES

I. Report of the Credentials Committee.

II. Report of the Working Group on the Declaration on the Human Environment.

III. General principles for assessment and control of marine pollution.
IV. List of documents before the Conference.

V. Table showing the correspondence between the numbers of the recommendations as they appear in the report and the numbers of the recommendations adopted by the Conference.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE AND IN OFFICIAL
CONFERENCE DOCUMENTS

ACC-Administrative Committee on Co-ordination (United Nations).
ACMRR-Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research.
ACOMR-Advisory Committee on Oceanic Meterological Research.

CIAP-Interamerican Committee of the Alliance for Progress.

ECA-Economic Commission for Africa (United Nations).

ECAFE-Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (United Nations).

ECE-Economic Commission for Europe (United Nations).

ECLA-Economic Commission for Latin America (United Nations).

ENEA-European Nuclear Energy Agency.

FAO-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

GARP-Global Atmospheric Research Programme.

GATT-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

GESAMP-Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (IMCC/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN).

GIPME-Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment.
IAEA-International Atomic Energy Agency.

IAMAP International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics.
IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer.

IATA-International Air Transport Association.

IBP-International Biological Programme.

IBRD-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

ICAO-International Civil Aviation Organization.

ICC

International Computing Centre.

ICE International Centre for the Environment.

ICES-International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.

ICSPRO-Inter-Secretariat Committee on Scientific Problems Relating to

Oceanography.

ICSU-International Council of Scientific Unions.

IGOSS-Integrated Global Ocean Station System.

IHD-International Hydrological Decade.

ILO-International Labour Organisation.

IMCO-Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization.

IOC-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.

ISSS-International Society of Soil Science.

ITU-International Telecommunication Union.

IUCN-International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. IUFRO-International Union of Forestry Research Organization.

IVIC-Institute of Scientific Research, Caracas.

IWG-Intergovernmental Working Group.

IWP-Indicative World Plan.

LEPOR-Long-term and Expanded Programme of Oceanic Exploration and

Research.

MAB-Man and the Biosphere Programme (UNESCO).

OECD-Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

SCOPE Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment.
SCOR-Scientific Committee on Ocean Research.

UNCTAD-United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

UNDP-United Nations Development Programme.

UNESCO-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

UNESOB-United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut.

UNFPA-United Nations Fund for Population Activities.
UNICEF-United Nations Children's Fund.

UNIDO-United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
UNISIST-World Science Information System.

UNITAR-United Nations Institute for Training and Research.

UNRWA-United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees. UNSCEAR-United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic

Radiation.

WEI-World Environment Institute.

WFP-World Food Programme.

WHO World Health Organization.

WMO-World Meteorological Organization.

WWW-World Weather Watch.

PART 1-ACTION TAKEN BY THE CONFERENCE

I. DECLARATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,
Having met at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972,

Having considered the need for a common outlook and for common principles to inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment.

Proclaims that

I

1. Man is both creature and moulder of his environment, which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. In the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet a stage has been reached when, through the rapid acceleration of science and technology, man has acquired the power to transform his environment in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights-even the right to life itself.

2. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desire of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments.

3. Man has constantly to sum up experience and go on discovering, inventing, creating and advancing. In our time, man's capability to transform his surround

ings, used wisely, can bring to all peoples the benefits of development and the opportunity to enhance the quality of life. Wrongly or heedlessly applied, the same power can do incalculable harm to human beings and the human environment. We see around us growing evidence of man-made harm in many regions of the earth dangerous levels of pollution in water, air, earth and living beings; major and undesirable disturbances to the ecological balance of the biosphere; destruction and depletion of irreplaceable resources; and gross deficiences harmful to the physical, mental and social health of man, in the man-made environment, particularly in the living and working environment.

4. In the developing countries most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development. Millions continue to live far below the minimum levels required for a decent human existence, deprived of adequate food and clothing, shelter and education, health and sanitation. Therefore, the developing countries must direct their efforts to development, bearing in mind their priorities and the need to safeguard and improve the environment. For the same purpose, the industrialized countries should make efforts to reduce the gap between themselves and the developing countries. In the industrialized countries, environmental problems are generally related to industrialization and technological development.

5. The natural growth of population continuously presents problems on the preservation of the environment, and adequate policies and measures should be adopted, as appropriate, to face these problems. Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. It is the people that propel social progress, create social wealth, develop science and technology and, through their hard work, continuously transform the human environment. Along with social progress and the advance of production, science and technology, the capability of man to improve the environment increases with each passing day.

6. A point has been reached in history when we must shape our actions throughout the world with a more prudent care for their environmental consequence. Through ignorance or indifference we can do massive and irreversible harm to the earthly environment on which our life and well-being depend. Conversely, through fuller knowledge and wiser action, we can achieve for ourselves and our posterity a better life in an environment more in keeping with human needs and hopes. There are broad vistas for the enhancement of environmental quality and the creation of a good life. What is needed is an enthusiastic but calm state of mind and intense but orderly work. For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use knowledge to build, in collaboration with nature, a better environment. To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind—a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of world-wide economic and social development.

7. To achieve this environmental goal will demand the acceptance of responsibility by citizens and communities and by enterprises and institutions at every level, all sharing equitably in common efforts. Individuals in all walks of life as well as organizations in many fields, by their values and the sum of their actions, will shape the world environment of the future. Local and national governments will bear the greatest burden for large-scale environmental policy and action within their jurisdictions. International co-operation is also needed in order to raise resources to support the developing countries in carrying out their responsibilities in this field. A growing class of environmental problems, because they are regional or global in extent or because they affect the common international realm, will require extensive co-operation among nations and action by international organizations in the common interest. The Conference calls upon Governments and peoples to exert common efforts for the preservation and improvement of the human environment, for the benefit of all the people and for their posterity.

II

PRINCIPLES

States the common conviction that—

Principle 1

Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations. In this respect, policies promoting or perpetuat

ing apartheid, racial segregation, discrimination, colonial and other forms of oppression and foreign domination stand condemned and must be eliminated.

Principle 2

The natural resources of the earth including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples of natural ecosystems must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate.

Principle 3

The capacity of the earth to produce vital renewable resources must be maintained and, wherever practicable, restored or improved.

Principle 4

Man has a special responsibility to safeguard and wisely manage the heritage of wildlife and its habitat which are now gravely imperilled by a combination of adverse factors. Nature conservation including wildlife must therefore receive importance in planning for economic development.

Principle 5

The non-renewable resources of the earth must be employed in such a way as to guard against the danger of their future exhaustion and to ensure that benefits from such employment are shared by all mankind.

Principle 6

The discharge of toxic substances or of other substances and the release of heat, in such quantities or concentrations as to exceed the capacity of the environment to render them harmless, must be halted in order to ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon ecosystems. The just struggle of the peoples of all countries against pollution should be supported.

Principle 7

States shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of the seas by substances that are liable to create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea.

Principle 8

Economic and social development is essential for ensuring a favorable living and working environment for man and for creating conditions on earth that are necessary for the improvement of the quality of life.

Principle 9

Environmental deficiencies generated by the conditions of underdevelopment and natural disasters pose grave problems and can best be remedied by accelerated development through the transfer of substantial quantities of financial and technological assistance as a supplement to the domestic effort of the developing countries and such timely assistance as may be required.

Principle 10

For the developing countries, stability of prices and adequate earnings for primary commodities and raw material are essential to environmental management since economic factors as well as ecological processes must be taken into account.

Principle 11

The environmental policies of all States should enhance and not adversely affect the present or future development potential of developing countries, nor should they hamper the attainment of better living conditions for all, and appropriate steps should be taken by States and international organizations with a view to reaching agreement on meeting the possible national and international economic consequences resulting from the application of environmental measures.

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