with which I have continued to be in close contact ever since. It was my good fortune in the spring of 1919 to have as my Greek medical colleague in the campaign against exanthematic typhus in Macedonia, Dr. Constantine Moutoussis whom I met again 30 years later when he was dean of the medical school and later rector of the University of Athens. My entire life was influenced in the direction of worldwide medical service by that mission in 1919.

Frequent medical visits to Europe in the 20-odd years between the 2 World Wars broadened my contacts with the cardiologists of many countries, and the sabbatical year of 1928 to 1929 spent mostly in Austria and Italy was especially fruitful to me in this respect. I felt, at that time, certain that if only the physicians and medical research workers of the world could be more closely knit together in friendly relationship and in fruitful research their influence on international health and happiness could be profound with at least a strong possibility that a contribution toward the establishment of worldwide peace could be a vital byproduct. And now 20 years later I am still more strongly convinced about this.

Today, a decade and a half since the end of the Second World War our medical contacts of all sorts, in relief, in education, in medical congresses of all kinds, in exchange of medical personnel, and now in research have spread to all corners of the globe including communistic countries behind the Iron Curtain. Opportunities as a member of Unitarian service committee missions, as a point 4 worker, as an attendant at congresses and other meetings throughout Latin America, Asia, and Australia, and especially as a member of international epidemiological research teams in Italy, Greece, Yugoslavia, Japan, Hawaii, and the United States, have convinced me of the need of the new National Institute for International Medical Research proposed by this bill. It will greatly aid the program of the International Society of Cardiology, which I served as president from our Second World Congress in Washington in 1954 to our Third World Congress held in Brussels last September. For support of the research and other activities of that society a foundation was incorporated in Chicago 2 years ago by the efforts of Dr. Louis Katz and myself and with an outstanding international board of directors and an advisory committee. In the cardiovascular field there should be a close affiliation between this new Institute of the U.S. Public Health Service and the International Society of Cardiology Foundation.

In a few days it will be my privilege to visit, medically and cardiologically during March and April, various countries in Africa, the remaining continent which, as yet, has not been included in my travels. I am sure already that great opportunities await us there for international medical and nutritional research and, in those fields at least, the medical leaders of the newly independent countries will doubtless aid in sponsoring researches that should help the health and thereby the happiness and usefulness of their own people as well as populations in all other continents.

International medical research can and probably should include several categories-the so-called basic investigations in biophysics, biochemistry, physiology, pathology, genetics, nutrition,' and biostatistics, as well as studies in animals, with particular reference to those more closely related to man, that is, monkeys, apes, and gorillas, more available in South America and Africa than here, permissible and safe research on individual man himself, both healthy and diseased, and finally epidemiological investigations on population groups throughout the world such as have been developed so well during the last decade, in particular by Ancel Keys, of Minnesota, and by Fred Stare, of Boston, in an effort to determine possible relationships between the ways of life and heart disease. Their pioneering will bear rich fruit in time but such work is complicated, difficult, time consuming, and expensive. It involves in addition to immediate results, the so-called long followup, much neglected in the past. Thus, in conclusion, I can testify from my own experience, as well as from that of many of my medical colleagues and friends all over the world, that the new National Institute for International Medical Research should play a

I would strongly urge the inclusion in the bill S.J. Res. 41, dated Feb. 2, 1959, of research in disorders of nutrition with the following changes: P. 3, sec. 2(1)(A) add the words, disorders of nutrition," after the words "mental diseases,' p. 3. sec. 2 (2), line 22, add the word "malnutrition," after the word, "disability"; p. 10, sec. 7, add a paragraph as 2 as follows, changing the present (2) to (3), (3) to (4), (4) to (5), (5) to (6), (6) to (7), and (7) to (8): "(2) encourage and support research, investigation, and experiments conducted in countries other than the United States related to malnutrition as referred to in par. 2 hereof."

great role in our activities the world over. Whatever helps physical health is likely to improve the mental capacity, morale, and happiness of people everywhere. Of course, the spiritual health of individuals and whole communities is of greater importance even than the physical health but one of the most challenging and pleasant duties of the true physician is to deal with the whole man-body, mind, and soul. Therefore, we may hope that benefit will come to all these human needs through better international understanding and cooperation in the field of medicine.

Finally, before I close, I want to express to all of you in the Congress as well as our friends among the public, my sincere gratitude for your initiation and support of this new venture.

The CHAIRMAN. Our next witness will be Dr. Detlev Bronk.

Dr. Bronk, as we know, is president of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. He is also chairman of the Advisory Council of the Citizens Committee on Health for Peace, former president of Johns Hopkins University, and, I believe, Doctor, it is true, is it not, that you are about the only man who never took a medical course who has the honorary degree of doctor of medicine; is that not true? And it is from the oldest and one of the greatest medical schools, the Karolinska Institute of the University of Stockholm. Is that right, sir?

Dr. BRONK. Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Doctor, you may recall that you were our first witness last year when we opened our hearings on our education bill, the bill that became the National Defense Education Act. You were a very fine witness and made a great impression with a magnificent statement. We certainly welcome you back here this morning, and we would be delighted now to have you proceed in our own way, sir.

STATEMENT OF DR. DETLEV BRONK, PRESIDENT, ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH

Dr. BRONK. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee.

The objectives and the purposes of this bill which is before you for consideration are so obviously desirable and worthy that I find it difficult to think how I can add anything significant in a general statement; but for the purposes of the record, I do wish to speak in approval of the International Health and Medical Research Act of 1959.

There are, among others, these reasons which lead me to do so: As a nation, we are partners in building the strength of the free world. Having made that very obvious statement, I would say that the strength of this group of free nations will depend in large measure upon the strength and the health of the peoples of those nations. For that reason, the significance of this bill is obvious.

We are spending vast sums and making great efforts in order to persuade the peoples of all the world that our national objective is the peaceful welfare of all peoples. The enactment of this bill would, I think, be powerful proof of this selfless national purpose.

Having said that our purpose is unselfish, as a scientist I would add that benefit to our own people will unavoidably accrue from whatever we do for others in the field of science. That is in the very nature of shared scientific effort and the common value of the resulting scientific knowledge.

As the world is shrunk by accelerated travel and communication and torn apart by international conflicts, it is of timely importance to further undertakings such as this, which demonstrate the possibilities of peoples working together. For the last 3 years, as president of the National Academy of Sciences, I have been intimately associated with the International Geophysical Year. The U.S. effort has been carried forward by the National Committee for the International Geophysical Year of the National Academy of Sciences, and supported financially by the National Science Foundation, with the generous support of Congress. That has been, as all peoples now know, a spectacular demonstration of how peoples of all nations can work together for their common benefit and for the greater understanding of the world on which we live.

I was greatly impressed by the vision which led to the International Geophysical Year, but I was quite unprepared to find the tremendous enthusiasm of peoples in all walks of life throughout the world for this great effort. Newspapers throughout our country have acclaimed this as one of the greatest common efforts of peoples in the history of the world. It has been a spectacular demonstration of what can be done.

I recognize that even though we have successful common undertakings such as this, they will not quickly lead to a Utopia in which international conflicts no longer exist. But these common scientific efforts are nevertheless dramatic proof that peoples can gain by peaceful means that which they have vainly sought to acquire through wars. I believe that is a lesson which is being learned and recognized by peoples everywhere.

And so I believe that through such shared common scientific efforts, we are going to leave a residue of faith among peoples everywhere that they can, through common efforts acquire that which they all desire, and acquire it by peaceful means.

Finally, I believe that this bill is of very timely significance for another, more restricted reason. At the present time, the biological and medical sciences face a challenging future, because they are on the threshold of being able to benefit greatly by the developments which are taking place and have recently taken place in the physical sciences and in the field of engineering.

From those developments in the physical sciences, powerful new tools have been made available to the biological and medical scientists of the world.

I need not remind you that a good many years ago, the discovery in a physical laboratory of X-rays by Roentgen, for no medical purpose whatsoever, gave to medical people throughout the world a powerful tool for studying the nature of the ills of men and women and children.

Not so long ago, with the development of electronics, it became possible to follow the course of nervous action in a living organism, because every nerve impulse which activates the muscles of our body, controls the heart, or gives rise to sensation, is accompanied by a minute electrical wave. After electronics were developed for the purposes of radio communication, these developments became available to medical science. And so it was that a whole new era in our understanding of the nervous system and human behavior was opened up by this physical and engineering development.

At the present time, the great developments in the physical sciences present challenging opportunities to the medical scientists which bewilder one's vision and imagination.

But I would also go on to say that developments in the physical sciences and in engineering, confront us with new problems which challenge medicine.

During this last war, the Air Force was faced by the fact that engineers and physicists and metallurgists had made it possible for man to go into environments in which he had never been before. It was not possible to fly the weapons of defense, until we learned how to provide the men who flew our planes with the oxygen necessary to enable them to survive at high altitudes. Now, as you and I fly across continents and oceans, we do so in an artificial environment made by man, so that we are not conscious of the fact that we are flying at altitudes where man has never flown before and where man could not survive were it not for the developments that have been made by the cooperative efforts of engineers and physicians and biologists and physicists. We have thus extended the capacities of the human organism.

Tremendous developments have been made possible in the field to which Dr. Rusk has contributed greatly in giving to men who have been handicapped by loss of limbs the instrumental means for continuing their useful occupations; those too are developments which have been made possible by the combined efforts of engineers and physicians.

Spectacular developments in the field of chemistry are making possible an entirely new approach to the nutrition of people upon which their health and welfare depends.

The whole relationship of man to his environment is a field which is only now beginning to be explored; it must be explored on a worldwide basis. The international study of the oceans, the poles, the atmosphere and space all relate to the health and welfare of mankind. As a result of those studies we are going to have new possibilities for relating men and women and children better to their natural environments and the environments created through our own constructions.

All these efforts are efforts which are of necessity the common efforts of all peoples because all nations are inhabited by men such as you and I.

The CHAIRMAN. Doctor, you have brought us another most informative, eloquent, and challenging statement.

I am reminded that Edmund Burke said that "Politicians who do not understand their trade sell their tools."

You have certainly challenged us this morning by telling us so vividly of tools that we have, the knowledge that we have upon which to build, and how the very fact that we have this knowledge imposes a tremendous obligation upon us to use this knowledge to press forward, to gain the additional knowledge which we must have to obtain our goals. We are most grateful to you.

In moving forward to attain these goals, you, as head of the Rockefeller Institnte for Medical Research, one of the great private research organizations of the world, would agree, I am sure, that we must go forward through cooperation with doctors, scientists, laymen,

through cooperation of private organizations and Government. Is that true?

Dr. BRONK. That is very true, sir. And as President of the National Academy of Sciences, I am vividly aware of both the opportunities and the desires of scientists throughout all the world to cooperate.

There is a body known as the International Council of Scientific Unions, to which the National Academy of Sciences is the adhering body for the United States of America. This is an association of many international organizations of physicists, geophysicists, physiologists, biochemists, of experts in the field of cancer and cardiac studies and many others. But all too often, what they can do is limited by their financial resources.

In my younger days, when I used to go to such international meetings and gain from them great stimulus, there was always the question as to from where would come the funds with which to go on. One of our great problems in the National Academy of Sciences has been to make it possible for younger people to go, and not have that opportunity restricted only to those who have already reached the pinnacle of their careers.

One of the great contributions that the Federal Government has made to the furtherance of science in this country and in our sister nations has been by enabling, through small grants, young people to go to other countries and learn from their colleagues abroad and act, I think, as desirable ambassadors of the American Nation.

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Morse?

Senator MORSE. Of course, this witness is one of my favorites. I only wanted to reinforce your last comment, on the importance of our including funds that would make it possible for us to increase our intercourse among the scientists of the world, because I think you have so much to offer.

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Yarborough.

Senator YARBOROUGH. Mr. Chairman, I want to thank this witness for his fine statement.

I want to say that I am impressed with your conclusion that aside from the immediate objectives of this joint research and the improvement of the mental and physical health of mankind, was this idea that you have expressed, that out of the resolution of these ills and the improvement of the health of mankind, man might gain this faith that he could accomplish his main aims in life without the conflicts between peoples and nations that have plagued the human race since before the dawn of recorded history.

I think that is a fine thought, and that it should stimulate us to further supporting activities along this line.

The CHAIRMAN. Senator Javits?

Senator JAVITS. Dr. Bronk, as a fellow New Yorker, I am delighted to welcome you here.

One medical problem, once you get into this international field, interests me, based upon my own military experience. If you do not feel free to answer this, because it may take more thought, please say so; but some element of medical science in an international science is always devoted to the injuries which come from war-radiological, bacteriological, as well as high explosive injuries. Now, I imagine that