less so; and the present restriction of immigration is likely to gradually weaken the adhesive power of both. It is the transition period that is the critical one. Only a rigid doctrinaire policy of forced uniformity, as contrasted with a policy of tolerating old heritages, would be likely to make those heritages harden into fanatical creeds.

When it is remembered that the immigrant press has a total circulation of nearly ten million, the importance of this factor for the future social history of America becomes apparent. This volmue is a significant one, not only because it collects in usable form materials from which an intelligent study of the problems may be made, but because it makes a sane and masterly analysis of the facts in their relation to fundamental principles of social organization.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

U. G. WEATHERLY

The State and Government. By JAMES QUAYLE DEALEY. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1921. Pp. xiv +409. $3.00.

This volume is a revision of the author's earlier book, The Development of the State, but it is essentially a new book. Seven chapters have been added and the old material has been thoroughly revised. It is an excellent general summary of government as a social institution. It is intended to serve as an introductory text in political science and to provide a background for the study of specific national governments.

The earlier chapters are devoted to definitions, to the development of economic regulation and political government, to explanations of sovereign powers, and to the differentiation of social institutions. The distinction between state and government is made clear both by careful definition and by discussion of this subject in a brief chapter. Sovereignty is the distinguishing characteristic of the state, but this does not give validity to the objections of the advocates of syndicalism or guild socialism who fear what they call the "absolute state." It is pointed out that such objections are based on a misunderatinding of the terms state and government, state and society, law and ethics. In the author's opinion absolute sovereignty of the state is entirely compatible with the most radical democracy on the one hand or the most extreme governmental autocracy on the other. Government is the definite political organization to which is intrusted the right to exercise the sovereign powers of the state. The power of the government is not coterminous with the power of the state. A government does not have absolute power against which the people have no rights, not even the right of revolution. Four examples are cited to show the means by which in the course of centuries the danger to liberty in identifying state with government has been

averted: (1) the doctrine of popular sovereignty, (2) fundamental law, (3) separation of powers, (4) Mariglio's conciliar theory, first stated with respect to the church and later applied to the state.

Professor Dealey insists that the ancestry of the state proper traces back to the war band of primitive civilization, while the development of political government is to be traced through tribal organization and the patriarchy (pp. 2, 5, 28 ff., 267). "Welfare," he says, "is the primary activity of the state" (p. 162), "even in these modern days admittedly the prime duty of the state is war" (p. 4). This is not to say that government has as its chief function warfare and preparation for war, but he goes so far as to say in another connection that "the organization of the war band was probably the beginnings of political government” (p. 147) and that in times of peace "there has been a steady encroachment of the state on the functions usually exercised by social agencies" (p. 268). Has this been an "encroachment" of government or of state? It is difficult to maintain consistently even a clearly defined distinction between the state and government.

In the discussion of the organization of government and democracy the threefold division of government is abandoned and the following is substituted: (1) the legal sovereign, maker of fundamental law; (2) the lawmaking department, making statutes; (3) the executive, from which is differentiating (4) the administrative; (5) the judicial system; from which is separating (in the United States) (6) a special court for the authoritative interpretation of the written constitution; (7) the electorate, which is steadily increasing its powers at the expense of the three historic departments of government" (p. 173).

Professor Dealey thinks "it is well-nigh impossible to get a clear understanding of government unless one considers the electorate as a fourth department." Separate chapters are devoted to these several divisions of government and to policies in government and the growth of democracy.

This volume represents one method of approach to the teaching of political science. It is an effective text, probably there is none better, for the instructor to use who prefers the historical method. It is not a useful text for one who prefers to approach the subject from the standpoint of the existing political organization, leading up to theory, and has the facilities at hand for using this method. Under these circumstances, however, he should not overlook its serviceableness in a course on political theory.

WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY

J. E. CUTLER

RECENT LITERATURE.

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS

The abstracts and the bibliography in this issue were prepared under the general direction of K. E. Barnhart, by Evelyn Buchan, M. S. Everett, Guy B. Johnson, Marie L. Kasak, Daniel C. Fu, Beryl Rogers, and Wiley B. Sanders, of the Department of Sociology of the University of Chicago.

Each abstract is numbered at the end according to the "Tentative Scheme for the Classification of the Literature of Sociology and Social Sciences" given in the March number of the Journal.

I.

PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON

The Identity of Instinct and Habit.-"Instinct" may be action determined solely by the environment (stimulation pattern) and the constitution of the animal. "Instincts" are purely arbitrary groupings of activities, which overlap at times. Reaction tendencies based on desire offer a better foundation for study. Instinct not distinguishable from habit: All reactions are definite responses to definite stimulus patterns, and the exact character of the response is determined in every case by the inherited constitution of the organism and the stimulus pattern. All reactions are instinctive; all are acquired. Instinct is the form and method of habit-formation; habit the way in which instinct exhibits itself. Practically, we use the term "instinctive reaction" for one whose antecedents we do not care to inquire into, and “acquired reaction" for one of whose antecedents we do intend to give some account.-Knight Dunlap, Journal of Philosophy, XIX (February 16, 1922), 85–93. (I, 2.) E. B.

The Modification of Instinct.-Associations formed prior to the appearance of an instinct may modify the instinct when it appears. Experiments show that birds hatched and reared by a different species may when grown prefer to mate with the species of their adoption.-Walter S. Hunter, Journal of Philosophy, XIX (February 16, 1922), 98-100. (I, 2.) E. B.

The Thrill in Relation to the Lesser Conscious States.-Consciousness is a state of awareness necessary in the processes of adjustment of the body to stimuli. Lesser consciousness remains after a complete adjustment has been made, or after a particular stimulus has ceased to act upon the brain. Marginal habits occupy a borderland situation between states of accentuated consciousness and of lesser consciousness. Feeling states, in the form of subjective sensorial memories, are means of explaining certain processes of associational activities. Objective sensorial and subjective sensorial memories explain in a physiological way those factors in psychoanalytic work interpreted by symbolic hypotheses. Physiological well-being and conduct: Is a basic factor for explaining normal and abnormal modes of conduct, which allows a broader conception than present psychoanalytic theories permit.—Irving R. Kaiser, Pedagogical Seminary, XXVIII (December, 1921), 323-67. ` (I, 4.) E. B.

II. THE FAMILY

Tinneh Animism.—Animism is the key to understanding all that is commonly called heathen superstition. Research among the Battaks of the Indian Archipelago and the Tinneh of the lower Yukon reveal similar animistic beliefs. Substance of animistic belief: The soul is an elixir of life, a life-stuff, which is found everywhere in nature.-John W. Chapman, American Anthropologist, XXIII (July-September, 1921), 298-310. (II, 1.) E. B.

Art among Cavemen.-The drawings left by Bushmen and by preneolithic European men raise questions as to the motives underlying the production of art. Magic and art: It is often claimed that primitive art represents attempts to control food-supply, rain, spirits, etc., by means of magic. This explanation is not satisfactory. Magic has always been the enemy of artistic expression. If art were nothing more in its origin than a means of coercing the powers controlling the world, the stage of scrawl and drone would never have been left behind. The origin of art in self-expression: It is rather to be sought in an impulse to reproduce one's impression of the movement, vividness, and beauty of the world. W. F. Lofthouse, London Quarterly Review, (January, 1922), 147-60. (III, 1.) G. B. J.

Women and the Clubs of the French Revolution.-Women were admitted to some men's clubs, but without equal privileges in many cases. Certain societies admitted whole families. As the influence of the women grew, they tended to form clubs of their own. But their excessive demands provoked an investigation, after which women's clubs were suppressed by the government. But women continued to be members of some men's clubs.-Winifred Stephens, Fortnightly Review, CXI (February, 1922), 219–28. (III, 3.) E. B.

Enumeration Errors in Negro Population.-Census figures show unaccountable rise and fall of decennial increments, with gradual decline in the rate of increase. The sudden slump between 1910 and 1920 can be accounted for in one of three ways: (1) An undercount of the Census Bureau; (2) sudden increase in the death-rate; (3) decrease in birth-rate. We can demonstrate that neither of the latter two is true. Kelly Miller, Scientific Monthly, XIV (February, 1922), 168–77. (III, 4.) E. B.

IV. CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION GROUPS

The Way to Industrial Peace.—Industrial unrest will not be cured by the domination of either capital or labor, but by harmony and co-operation of both. A program for industry: Five claims of workers must be satisfied: (1) Earnings sufficient to maintain a reasonable standard of comfort; (2) reasonable hours of work; (3) reasonable economic security during the whole working life and in old age; (4) a reasonable share, with the employer, in determining the conditions of work; (5) an interest in the prosperity of the industry in which they are engaged.-B. S. Rowntree, Proceed. Acad. Pol. Sci., IX (January, 1922), 98-114. (IV, 1.) G. B. J.

The Cry of the Modern Pharisee.-Two modes of approaching the Jewish problem: To the extraverted Jew (the modern Sadducee) the solution is political, economic, social; it is fusion. To the introverted modern Pharisee, the solution is within the Jewish heart and soul. Task of the modern Pharisee: Most grievances against the Jews are due to the fact that the Jewish individuality has come into contact with other individualities in every land and has become distorted. The task, as the modern Pharisee sees it, is to inspire pride in the Jewish personality, to bring the Jew back to himself, to aid him in self-recovery.-Rabbi Joel Blau, Atlantic Monthly, CXXIX (January, 1922), 1-13. (IV, 2.) G. B. J.

VII. SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL PROCESS Religion and Culture in Italy.-Study of religion in Italy is now a search through history for the elements and means of a rebirth into spiritual health and power. Effects of this research will spread to the masses. Religious conflict: An open rupture has occurred between representatives of research and the Catholics.-Ernesto Buonaiuti, Hibbert Journal, XIX (July, 1921), 636–43. (VII, 2.) E. B.

La question sociale.-The social question has existed since earliest times. We find it in the Iliad taking the form of Thersites' hurling invectives at Agamemnon. In Rome it consisted in agrarian agitations. In the Middle Ages it took on a religious form. Theories vary, interests and sentiments remain the same: The sentiments and

interests involved in the social question remain constant, the theories vary. The social question has almost always been solved by external circumstances rather than by measures taken deliberately by the group. The organization of the production of wealth and the distribution of wealth are the two main points of interest in the social question.-Vilfredo Pareto, Scientia, XVI (January, 1922), 37-46. (VII, 3.) M. S. E.

The Religious Revolution. (This article is the gist of a chapter in a forthcoming volume on The Reconstruction of Religion.) The present crisis in religion: A new reformation is in process in the Christian church. It has been brought about by the failure of religion to adapt itself to science and democracy. Science and religion: A religion which is adapted to modern life must be adjusted to science. Science simply demands rational thinking, and religion loses if it tries to thwart rational thinking. Religion must stop being afraid of knowledge. Modern need of religion: Modern man needs religion even more than primitive man did. He must have faith, he must have confidence in the world if he is not to despair. His faith must become a dynamic faith. The religious revolution can result in atheism and agnosticism or it can bring about a more socialized and rational form of Christianity in harmony with modern science and democracy. The result depends on the guidance of the movement by religious and scientific leaders.-Charles A. Ellwood, Christian Century, XXXIX (February 2, 1922), 138-42. (VII, 4.) G. B. J.

VIII. SOCIAL PATHOLOGY: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION Eugenics versus Civilization.-Civilization has failed to improve the human race. It is of course difficult to define the term, but if by civilization is meant a state of mankind which is superior to, and exclusive of, barbarism and savagery, surely it has failed. It is because of this that eugenics has its place. Eugenics and civilization are not naturally hostile to each other. They should indeed reach an agreement about the principles on which the former can reform and supplement the latter.-F. C. S. Schiller, Eugenics Review, XIII (July, 1921), 381–93. (VIII, 2.) D. C. F.

The Necessity for Sterilization.-(1) Insanity, epilepsy, and feeble-mindedness are transmissible diseases and defects in about three-fourths of all cases. (2) Insanity, epilepsy, feeble-mindedness, and other forms of psychopathy render the individual so afflicted very susceptible to criminal tendencies. (3) Approximately two-thirds of all criminals are in some way mentally defective and are the offspring of mentally defective parents. (4) The tendency to crime is indirectly inherited, because mental defect is directly and indirectly inherited. (5) The practice of sterilization upon the incurable insane, epileptic, feeble-minded, and confirmed mental defective criminals would reduce crime to a very large degree by stopping the propagation of these classes. (6) Sterilization is not a predatory measure; on the other hand, it is one of the best social treatments which society has at her command for the betterment of the human race.-Paul E. Bowers, Journal of Delinquency, VI (September, 1921), 487-504. (VIII, 4.) D. C. F.

Alcoholism in Relation to Mental Depression.-Characteristics of the Alcoholic.Distinction must be made between alcoholism and excess in drinking. An alcoholic is an individual who needs alcohol in order to be normal, whereas a drunken man is a person whose mental condition is normal but who, under the influence of alcohol, rapidly enters into an abnormal state. An ordinary drunken man, therefore, is not an alcoholic. Alcoholism and the personality: Alcohol does not act on a normal person in the same manner as it does on a person in a state of mental depression. It takes the former from a state of normalcy and plunges him rapidly into a state of drunkenness, whereas it takes the latter from a state of inertia and impotence and returns him to a normal state. Alcoholism and public health: The problem of alcoholism is not only a problem of general medicine but also a problem of social hygiene and public health. In order to combat this evil effectively, physicians as well as social workers and mental specialists should all co-operate.-Pierre Janet, Journal of American Medical Association, LXXVII (November 5, 1921), 1462–67. (VIII, 5.) D. C. F.