meat, I do not accept his ruling, any more than I accept that of the economist who tells me that we ought to stick to Free Trade or ought to discard it.1 In the long run, decisions of what we ought to do are questions of philosophy and common sense, not of abstract science. They are questions of philosophy and common sense because they are, finally, not matters of technique or utility but of will, and our philosophy is nothing but a more mature and reflective expression of our wishes. Although progress has been made the subject of a vast literature very few attempts have been made to measure it. What are the criteria and what are the indices of progress? Les Indices numériques de la Civilisation et du Progrès is a little volume that seriously attempts to answer these questions, and this much may be said for it: If the answers it gives seem inadequate, the author has at least faced the problem and no one is likely to tell us how little we positively know about progress than the men who have tried to measure it. ROBERT E. PARK UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Democracy in America. By JEROME DOWD. Oklahoma City: The Harlow Publishing Co., 1921. Pp. xiii+506. This book is little more than a compilation of excerpts from some threescore foreign and native writers on American life. The author's rôle is mainly that of editor, who, with a few introductory paragraphs, connecting phrases, and concluding sentences, has joined together selections on about twenty topics bearing on his subject. Take a generous portion from De Tocqueville, add a little Trollop, Dickens, Matthew Arnold, Muirhead, Bryce, Charles Wagner, or some other European writer who once visited us, top it off with a bit of Münsterberg, Van Dyke, or Cooley, as the needs may be, taking care to avoid our most virile students of democracy, and you have any one of the twenty-nine chapters in the book. He who reads this volume will put it aside with the feeling that on the whole it is a rattling of dry bones which have not been and indeed cannot be clothed with the flesh and blood of current life by their artful juggler. The reader will, perhaps, be struck with some of the author's comments, of which the following is typical: "Much of the crime in America is due to an extraordinarily strong moral sentiment. For instance, lynching is often the expression of a furious moral indignation" (p. 35). NEWELL L. SIMS AMHERST, MASS. 1 E. J. Urwick, A Philosophy of Social Progress, p. 225, note. RECENT LITERATURE NOTES AND ABSTRACTS A TENTATIVE SCHEME FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE LITERATURE OF SOCIOLOGY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON 1. Biography 2. Original Nature: Instinct, Temperament, Racial Traits 3. Child Study 4. Social Psychology, Social Attitudes, and the Genesis of the Person II. THE FAMILY 1. The Natural History of the Family and the Psychology of Sex 2. The Historical Family and Family as an Institution 3. The Modern Family and Its Problems III. PEOPLES AND CULTURAL GROUPS 1. Social Origins and Primitive Society 2. Folklore, Myth, and Language 3. Histories of Cultural Groups (Kulturgeschichte) 4. Immigrants, Immigration, and Distribution of Population 5. Colonial Problems and Missions 6. Comparative Studies of Cultural Traits; Religion, Mores, Customs, and Traditions IV. CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION GROUPS 1. Classes and the Class Struggle; Labor and Capital 2. Nationalities and Races 3. Political Parties and Political Doctrines 4. Religious Denominations and Sects V. COMMUNITIES AND TERRITORIAL GROUPS VI. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 1. Home and Housing 2. The Church and the Local Community 3. The School and the Social Center 4. Play, the Playhouse, and Playgrounds 5. Courts and Legislation 6. Social Agencies 7. Other Institutions VII. SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL PROCESS 1. The Economic Process: Economic and Industrial Organization 2. The Cultural Process: Education and Religion 3. The Political Process: Politics and the Formation of Public Opinion 4. Collective Behavior. Social Change and Social Progress; Fashion, Reform, and Revolution VIII. SOCIAL PATHOLOGY: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION 1. Poverty, Crime, and Deficiency 2. Eugenics, Dysgenics, and Problems of Population 3. Problems of Public Health and Social Hygiene 4. Insanity and the Pathology of the Person 5. Vice: Alcoholism, Prostitution, Gambling IX. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 1. Statistics, Graphic Representation 2. Mental and Social Measurements 3. Social Surveys: Community Organization, Community Education, Health, Government, Mental Hygiene, etc. 4. Case Studies and Social Diagnosis 5. Life-Histories and Psychoanalysis X. GENERAL SOCIOLOGY AND METHODOLogy of the SoCIAL SCIENCES 1. History of Sociology 2. Social Philosophy and Social Science 3. Social Ethics and Social Politics The abstracts and the bibliography in this issue were prepared under the general direction of K. E. Barnhart, by Evelyn Buchan, M. S. Everett, Guy B. Johnson, Marie L. Kasak, Daniel C. Fu, Beryl Rogers, and Wiley B. Sanders, of the Department of Sociology of the University of Chicago. Each abstract is numbered at the end according to the classification above. I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON The Endocrine Glands in the Evolution of Man.-1. The essential characters of the human body are a survival of foetal conditions. 2. This persistence of foetal conditions is the result of a retardation or a suppression of the development of certain general characters of primates. 3. This retardation or suppression is caused by the agency of the endocrine organs. 4. In morbid affections of the endocrine organs this suppressing agency is removed, and the human body once more acquires features of some apelike ancestor. 5. The retardation of development concerns not only purely somatic features, but human development as a whole. The developmental rate of man is retarded, the succeeding phases of his life are protracted. 6. This retardation of the developmental rate of man is, perhaps, caused by the change of the nature of his food, the frugivorous ancestorof man be coming omnivorous or carnivorous.-L. Bolk, Lancet, CCI (September 10, 1921), 588–92. (I, 2.) D. C. F. Note on the Sexual Instinct.-It is difficult to determine how much of the uniformity in human behavior is due to instinct and how much to environmental factors. Implications of sex: Reproductive function does not suffice as a criterion of what is sexual. On the other hand, extension of the term to include all behavior is unwarranted. Libido assumes a specific sexual energy, appearing in specific or general expressions. Repression of sexual activity does not necessarily bring about alternative sexual activities. We need less emphasis on merely one component in the complex forces which make up the total personality, and a less schematic, dogmatic formulation of the facts of human behavior.-C. Macfie Campbell, Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, XVI (October-November, 1921), 243-48. (I, 2.) E. B. The Herd Instinct.-Even strong individualistic tendencies cannot isolate a man from the herd, for primitive as well as modern men are controlled by public opinion. The herd and their own herd instincts persecute those who cannot conform. Herd influence promotes law and order, checks originality, levels conduct. Collective thinking: In early savage life individual thinking does not exist. Very young children have scarcely a consciousness of self. The mentally diseased show similar states. Awareness of self comes with conscious control.-Sanger Brown, Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, XVI (October-November, 1921), 232–42. (I, 2.) E. B. Comparative Social Traits of Various Races.—A study of sixty girls, representing ten racial groups, was made. Teachers' ratings were used, based upon the following traits: leadership, pertinacity, humor, frankness, suspiciousness, sympathy, loyalty, generosity, obtrusiveness, coolness. The results are, of course, tentative, but they indicate interesting racial differences.-C. B. Davenport, School and Society, XIV (October 22, 1921), 344-48. (I, 2.) G. B. J. Studies in Infant Psychology.—(1) There are no standards of behavior or conduct for young infants. (2) Catalogues of instincts and emotions are based on preconceived notions. (3) Study of vocational and business psychology is backward. What infants can do: Experiments show the processes of grasping, reaching, use of both hands, tropistic eye response, the Babinski reflex, sitting alone, crawling, extensor thrust, and defensive reactions, in infants under ten months. Emotional life: We observe three simple emotional patterns: fear, rage, and love. Adults have various fears which do not appear at first in infants. Conditioned emotional response accounts for this. It may be induced by combining stimulations, one of which rouses a given emotion. Eventually the second given alone will rouse the same emotion. Removing conditioned fear responses: Experiments to remove such fears are under way.-John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner Watson, Scientific Monthly, XIII (December,_1921), 493-515. (I, 3.) E. B. The Inbred Descendants of Charlemagne: A Glance at the Scientific Side of Genealogy. A study based on a chart of American genealogy running back to Isabel de Vermandois, Robert de Bellomont, earl of Leicester, and William, second earl of Warren and Surrey, shows: Noble and peasant are of one blood: Every farmer of English lineage may boast of the germ plasm of William, Alfred, or Charlemagne. Plebeian blood may be mingled with the bluest. The individual a combination of ancestral traits: Through different paths the following have been traced back to identical ancestors of nobility: Washington, Lincoln, George V, Cleveland, Roosevelt, Lee, Adams, Edwards, Phillips Brooks, Morgan, Rockefeller, and others. Each is the sum of his own combinations, so that no two are alike, and many combinations are possible from the same traits or unit characters. Rise of middle class: They gradually develop at the expense of master and serf.-David Starr Jordan, Scientific Monthly, XIII (December, 1921), 481-92. (I, 3.) E. B. The Place of the Nutrition Worker in the Health Program.-Tuberculosis is a major factor in the health problem. Bad food habits originating with very young children cause many defects. Defective teeth stand in the way of combating tuberculosis and other diseases. Ignorance of suitable diet constitutes the big problem, which schools, field workers, physicians, and the nutritional training school can join in solving. Bailey B. Burritt, Journal of Home Economics, XIII (December, 1921), 579-86. (I, 3.) E. B. The Home-Economics Teacher and Community Interest in Nutrition. Most organizations promoting child welfare are adopting a nutrition program including monthly weighing, milk for the undernourished, and hot noon lunches. Some schools include on the faculty a specialist in nutrition. Parents who attend the children's nutrition class, where they may see measurements taken and directions given, develop greater concern for the nutrition of all children.-Mary G. McCormick, Journal of Home Economics, XIV (January, 1922), 1–5. (I, 3.) E. B. Mental Types, Truancy and Delinquency.-Delinquency and truancy: A heavy proportion of juvenile delinquency is directly traceable to truancy, and this truancy is caused in large measure by failure of the school to adapt itself to the individual differences and consequent special needs of children. Classification of mental types: A scientific classification of children according to mental types, ascertained by special psychological tests, supplemented by differentiated courses of study adapted to individual needs, would reduce truancy and consequent delinquency.-Edgar A. Doll, School and Society, XIV (November 26, 1921), 482-85. (I, 3.) G. B. J. Instinct and Capacity: I. The Instinct of Belief-in-Instincts; II. Homo Domesticus. The term instinct does not account for social behavior. Man's activities are not stereotyped. His instinct is his disposition to behave whatever way he may behave. Human activities could be better classified without it. Invoked to assist social science students in classifying and explaining behavior, it has become unnecessary since we have institutions. Human behavior institutionalized: No individual dares set his opinion against that of the group; he is docile and domesticated. Human behavior is that of institutions. Guidance of tradition: He puts on a system of traditions as easily as clothes, and is so surrounded. Domestication creates intolerance and makes him culture-bound. Culture theory of behavior: This theory explains race and sex differentiation sufficiently. Cultures borrow from each other by taking in each other's washing. The analysis of character is the analysis of culture-complexes. -C. E. Ayres, Journal of Philosophy, XVIII (October 13, 27, 1921), 561-65, 600-606. (I, 4.) E. B. Superstitions among Scottish College Girls.-An examination of 377 girls was conducted in the normal school at Edinburgh University, the results of which were compared with a similar study of 875 American men and women students made by Dresslar: 6,038 superstitions were recorded, of which 967 were different; 206 of these had been mentioned by American students; 94 per cent of the individuals were more or less affected. Those educated in rural districts were more susceptible. The percentage of all superstitions having some effect was in the case of Americans 44.9 per cent; Scotch, 48 per cent; the average number mentioned, Americans 8.2; Scotch 15.4. Effect of the war on superstition: Men were purposely excluded from the tests in the belief that war experience increased their fatalism and superstition. These students were preparing to teach. The question is raised as to how the teacher's belief affects her students. Public opinion regards the Scotch as more superstitious than the Americans, but the difference shown here is not great.-Russell L. Gould, Pedagogical Seminary, XXVIII (September, 1921), 203-48. (I, 4.) E. B. The Ego Instinct.-Insight into animal types of response will not suffice for understanding human personality. The instinctive component is valuable only in so far as its serves the personality as a whole. Ego-complex: The instinct modified by experience forms the ego-complex which strives to secure certain desires which Thomas has described. Character is based on the organization of these desires. Personality is the individual's conception of his own character. Pathology of instinct: Instinct tends to become pathological if it assumes an independent existence. Conflict is a defense reaction against this. Health is measured by awareness or the reverse of one's instincts. Life-experiences: These are the real determinants of personality and character. Pathological character formations take the forms of egotism and timidity. Acute reactive phenomena are seen in compensatory manifestations of inferiority, occurring in the unconscious and the conscious self.-Bernard Glueck, Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, XVI (October-November, 1921), 217–31. (I, 4.) E. B. Synthetic View of Ego, Herd, and Sex Instincts.-Groups of instinctive reactions: Can the division of instincts into ego, herd, and sex groups be justified on theoretic grounds as a working hypothesis? Conflict between instincts: The earliest form is probably between ego and sex. Another is between the ego and the herd. A third which is most important is between sex and herd. Because of herd laws, sex impulses are liable to conflict in all people for years and in some permanently. Sex subserves the maintenance of the whole species, while herd instincts cement and maintain only a group within the species. Conceivably also one kind of sex ambition may clash with another. Morbid psychological conditions: Interference with sublimation leads |