the handicraft period the instinct of workmanship was less hampered. The concept of the power of the producer over his product led to emphasis of cause and effect in religion and science, and was also the basis for the individualism which followed. With the advent of machines technology has become largely impersonal with attention in science turning from the efficient cause to series of lesser changes. Critical comment: Although Veblen bases his theories on uncertain ethnological data, the work as a whole is admirable. The theory of Hubert and Mauss, that the sciences have grown out of magic, only apparently conflicts with the notion of Veblen that magic was a hindrance to the development of technique. The machine era while eliminating many personal ideas, cannot avoid using the concepts of spatial contact which were possessed by man in the earliest application of his instinct of workmanship.-M. Halbwachs, Revue philosophique, March-April, 1921. M. S. E. Personal and Impersonal Groups.-The personal group is small, and characterized by face-to-face contacts. The impersonal is artificial, instrumental, and valuable only to promote the former. The personal is characterized by adaptability, completeness of response, and plasticity; the impersonal by mechanical action, automatic response, and rigidity. Neither type can be dispensed with, nor derived from the other. Standard for adjustment: Human welfare, the basis for adjusting the two, is an organization of life allowing the maximum activity to the greatest number of tendencies in the individual. Priority of personal group: One of these modes of response may take precedence. Which one, may be determined by the biological and social-evolutionary processes. Findings indicate that they are enlarging total response. In other words, because it yields the greater total response, the personal group will take precedence. The danger of overdeveloping the impersonal group is counteracted by such phenomena as the development of shop committees and participation of employees in management. Similar movements occur in politics, education, the church, and the home. Indications point to a transfer of emphasis to the personal group, though there is the same danger here of swinging too far.-Henry Nelson Wieman, International Journal of Ethics, July, 1921. E. B. VIII. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION The Mental Status of the American Negro, Comparison with white race: The facts indicate that the average ability of the American negro is about 10 per cent below the average of the white. However, the fact that only about 25 per cent exceed the average for the white affects the proportions of individuals in the highest and lowest grades of intelligence. Emotional aspect: Differences in stability and morality may be accounted for by his social situation or intellectual deficiency which prevents him from understanding the need for control. Mulatto: Tests and observation show the mulatto to have greater ability and adaptability. School organization: The school program should allow an extra year, and should stress practical vocational subjects. Best opportunity in America: The Negro will never equal the white mentally. But he has the best possible chance in America, because (1) his group is large and will produce many leaders, and (2) contact and intercommunication with the white race furnishes control and examples, stimulating him to advance.-George Oscar Ferguson, Jr., Scientific Monthly, June, 1921. E. B. Community Organization in the Orient,-The neighborhood organization or Fu Wu Tuan consists of Chinese and foreign men and women and has organized itself in eight groups, to deal with community welfare work. Its activities were started with an appropriation of $600 by the Y.M.C.A. and American Board Church, but soon $700 was added to this amount by the people in the neighborhood. The program of the organization: Lectures were arranged for women in the Sunday afternoon, and evening lectures for men. A plan was formulated to work up interest among special groups, such as unskilled laborers, artisans, teachers, gentry, and wives of officials. Poor relief was another phase of the work. The poorhouse aimed to fit the inmates for self-support. They were divided into three groups: the older and more decrepit were to take care of the house and to help with the cleaning; another group was to engage in industrial work, while a third was to peddle goods on the streets. Night schools were conducted throughout the year in the primary-school buildings of the American Board Mission. Sanitation was equally emphasized. A normal class of eight men and women was formed to educate the people regarding the dangers of the fly and the necessity of cleanliness in the home. Moral reform was also furthered by means of a paper printed in the vernacular issued every ten days. Recreational activities have been promoted by outdoor games and by training playground leaders. -John Stuart Burgess, The Survey, June 25, 1921. C. N. The Mythology and Science of Character Analysis,-Definition of character: Character is the sum of the traits which a person possesses. It gets its peculiar and individual coloring from the relative development and from the interplay of traits. Three classes of character traits: There are the physical characteristics, such as size, color of hair and eyes, shape of head, height of forehead, and shape of chin; the psychical traits such as trustworthiness, conscientiousness, honesty, and others; the physico-psychical traits, such as cheerfulness, sense of humor, self-control, and quickness of temper. Schemes and character analysis: To relate physical and mental traits various devices have been invented. Phrenology attempts to determine character in terms of the relative development of different parts of the head. Its fallacies lie in the assumptions that the skull fits the brain closely, and that each part of the brain is assigned a definite "faculty," such as memory, honesty, or bravery. Physiognomy, another pseudoscience, attempts to read character from the face. Recently more scientific methods of testing mentality have been developed, as by Karl Pearson, Francis Galton, and Binet. Character analysis and vocation: In vocational selection mental tests and their derivatives have been used with good results. On the vocational side, knowing the characteristics which are required for a certain position, we will be able to narrow the field of applicants and probably confine the selection to the two or three most promising candidates. Henry I. Adams, Scribner's Magazine, May, 1921. C. N. BIBLIOGRAPHY American Commission on Conditions in American Sociological Society. Papers and Proceedings, Fifteenth Annual Meeting, held at Washington, D.C., December 27-29, 1920. Vol. XV: Some Newer Problems, National and Social. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 280. $2.00. Baghdigian, Bagdasar K. The Psalms of a Naturalized American. Kansas Americanism in Americanization. Bakeless, J.A. The Economic Causes of Baker, C. W. Government Control and Academy of Political and Social Science. Pp. xiii+166. $1.00. Bogart, Ernest L. War Costs and Their Financing. 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