A School Economic History of England. By CHARLOTTE M. WATERS. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1920. Pp. xii+315. An excellent and readable treatment of English economic history in textbook form designed for the upper forms of the English secondary schools. Sympathy and System in Giving. A. C. McClurg & Co., 1921. By ELWOOD STREET. Chicago: A practical and enlightening book on the subject of modern charity which should prove invaluable to the giver who wants to give intelligently and effectively. A Religion for the New Day. BY CHARLES F. DOLE. New York: B. W. Huebsch, Inc., 1920. Pp. xiv+297. $2.00. A critical analysis of the spiritually impotent religion of our day and a stimulating presentation of the new faith already dawning in the world. Everyman's Child. By SOPHIE IRENE LOEB. New York: The Century Co., 1920. Pp. 286. $2.00. This book is a well-written, enthusiastic presentation of the problem of the child ward of society. Valuable information is given about the progress that has been made in behalf of dependent children, and a program for future accomplishment is an important feature of the book. Jailed for Freedom. By DORIS STEVENS. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1920. Pp. xiv+388. $3.00. Everyone who cares for truth and freedom will enjoy this fascinating and dramatic story of the thrilling, spirited campaign of the militant suffrage group in the struggle for political freedom. China, Japan, and Korea. By J. O. P. BLAND. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921. Pp. x+327. $5.00. This is a thoughtful and extraordinarily interesting work on the" Far East question." The fact that the writer lived for more than thirty years in China makes him competent to speak with understanding upon this subject, which is rapidly assuming a place of first importance in international affairs. RECENT LITERATURE NOTES AND ABSTRACTS A TENTATIVE SCHEME FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE LITERATURE OF SOCIOLOGY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON 1. Biography 2. Eugenics and the Study of Original Nature 3. Child Study 4. Social Psychology and the Genesis of the Person II. THE FAMILY 1. The Natural History and the Psychology of Sex 2. The Historical Family and Family as an Institution 3. The Modern Family and Its Problems III. PEOPLES AND CULTURAL GROUPS 1. Ethnology and Folklore 2. Histories of Cultural Groups (Kulturgeschichte) 3. Immigrants and Immigration 4. Colonial Problems and Missions 5. Comparative Studies of Cultural Traits; Religion, Mores, Customs, and Traditions IV. CONFLICT AND ACCOMMODATION GROUPS 1. Classes and the Class Struggle; Labor and Capital 2. Nationalities and Races 3. Political Parties and Political Doctrines 4. Religious Denominations and Sects V. COMMUNITIES AND TERRITORIAL GROUPS VI. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 1. Home and Housing 2. The Church and the Local Community 4. Play, the Playhouse, and Playgrounds 6. Other Institutions VII. SOCIAL SCIENCE AND THE SOCIAL PROCESS 1. The Cultural Process: Education and Religion 2. The Political Process: Politics and the Formation of Public Opinion 4. Personal and Social Disorganization: Social Pathology, i.e., Family 5. Collective Behavior: Social Change and Social Progress; Fashion, VIII. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 1. Statistics, Graphic Representation 2. Mental and Social Measurements 3. Social Surveys: Community Organization, Community Education, Health, Government, Mental Hygiene, etc. 4. Case Studies and Social Diagnosis 5. Life-Histories and Psychoanalysis IX. HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 1. Social Ethics and Social Philosophy I. PERSONALITY: THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PERSON Rejuvenation.-War accidents resulting in asexualization with attendant loss of masculine traits and of personality and acumen led to physiological experimentation. Rejuvenation and acceleration of puberty in animal subjects: Experimentation on animal subjects shows deterioration due to asexualization and a more than corresponding revival when glands are again grafted in, after any length of time, whether in the normal location or elsewhere. By an incision senile subjects are revived and take on all the traits of youth in physical appearance, behavior, and procreative powers. The effect is heightened if healthy glands of other individuals are grafted in. Extent of rejuvenation: By these operations rejuvenation is effected to the extent of one-fourth the life-expectancy of the animal subject, and can be repeated with similar effect. By the use of Roentgen rays puberty symptoms are produced at one-third the normal age. Rejuvenation of human subjects: The possibility of this has been demonstrated by ingrafting and by an incision where glands were remaining. Dr. Paul Kammerer, Neue Generation, 16:293–96. E. T. H. Comparative Studies of the Work Process.-The work process as represented in spontaneous expression of maximum exertion is studied by means of measuring devices in not only normal and subnormal persons of different ages, but also in insects, fowls, hares, cats, dogs, and other animals. General type of energy development: Energy is applied in one of two curve forms: spurts of exertion and steady continuous pull. The form of exertion depends on the type of locomotion and on the momentary excitation within the organism. Acute and chronic fatigue: In all subjects the curve flattens with increase of fatigue, distinguishing acute and chronic fatigue. The chronicfatigued have the characteristics of the sensory, non-motor type; the vigorous, nonfatigued have the characteristics of the motor-reaction type. Disposition to exertion: The following among other subjects show themselves capable of near maximum exertion by inner impulse: normal persons, some subnormals, the cat, dog, and possibly even insects. The animal subjects that are not given to exertion out of inner motive are those that readily assume temporary immobility (animal hypnosis). This is overcome by appropriate excitation. Life-principle in terms of exertion: It seems to be a principle common to all life-forms to exert approximately maximum energy by inner movement; where lacking, this is due to peculiar characteristics of the subject concer ed. Fatigue causes the subject to misinterpret the objective facts. Rhythm of the work process: Normal adults, some children, and some subnormals show a distinct work rhythm. Where lacking, effort tends to introduce it, thus implying efficacy of practice. Insects exhibit such rhythm, mammals less so. The habituated and intellectually controlled movements and the instinctive movements agree in working in the shortest line to their aim.—J. S. Szymanski, Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie, 18, 1, 3:1-18. E. T. H. The Problem of Population.-Popular reaction to Malthus' essay on population: In this treatise Malthus indicated that the permanent improvement of society is impossible without a conscious limitation of the rate at which children are born. His doctrine was attacked by theologians who argued that children were sent by God and that it was impious to interfere with God's decree, and by semisocialists like Godwine who assumed that the limitation of population was a device of the rich to stave off a revolt of the poor. The positive checks on population: Three propositions are set forth in the doctrine; namely, population is limited by the means of subsistence; population invariably increases, unless prevented by powerful and obvious checks; these checks are all resolvable into moral restraint, vice, and misery. Population tends to increase pari passu with an increase in the means of subsistence. The races and nations of the world are in the ultimate resort compelled to struggle with one another to get a maximum share of a limited food supply. Limitation of birth-rate: A race limits its numbers by discouraging births-mankind's historic method which still is maintained by lower races and lower classes of people; and by encouraging unwanted babies to die, as in the slums of London and New York. Some highly civilized nations have already learnt to limit their numbers. The lower races must also learn to restrict their numbers, or else the mastery of the world will pass to the inferior but more prolific types of mankind.-Harold Cox, The Dial, May, 1921. C. N. The Agricultural Limits of Our Population.-The law of population: Pearl and Reed have developed a law which is expressed by a portion of the curve of a logarithmic beax parabola having the formula y= where a, b, and c have positive values. The 1-ceax' major asymptote of the curve, as applied to our own country, gives the ultimate population limit of continental United States as 197 millions. Making allowances for all other factors, 800 million acres of arable land will support 320 million people, or 2.5 acres per man. If I millions be added to the preceding sum, which is obtained by calculating the productivity of our grazing lands and forests, the maximum population the United States can support is 321 millions. Land cultivation in other countries: The figures obtained from different countries are comparable with 42 per cent proposed for the United States as the sum total of her arable possibilities. Before the war Germany cultivated 1.15 acres per capita, France 1.5 acres, Italy 0.98 acres, Belgium 0.57 acres. China has about 300 millions with a land area 600 million acres greater than the United States. Japan, with a population of 52 millions in 1911, cultivated 18 million acres out of a total land area of 94 million acres. By an extraordinary use of fertilizers she was able to support 3 persons per acre. If the United States could do as well on her 800 million acres of arable land, our population would be 2,000 millions. But Japan really would need 1.5 acres per man to support her population in terms of American food habits. At this rate the United States could support only 530 millions on her arable land-the ultimate limit humanly possible for the country.-E. M. East, The Scientific Monthly, June, 1921. C. N. La Tyrannie Eugénistique. Sterilization laws in the United States: Dr. Harry H. Laughlin in the October number of Social Hygiene cites fifteen states in which laws have been passed providing means for the prevention of procreation by defectives confined in state institutions. Such laws put people at the mercy of surgeons and the directors of the institutions without recourse to any tribunal. In five of the fifteen states the law has been declared unconstitutional. A standard state law: Dr. Laughlin advocates a uniform law which would provide for the sterilization of the feeble-minded, the insane, certain types of criminals, epileptics, drunkards, those having certain diseases, the blind, the deaf, the deformed, and dependents. This legislation would be contrary to the principles of equality of the American democracy.-N. Mondet, Journal des économistes, January, 1921. M. S. E. L'Hygiène et l'Éducation des Enfants Vicieux ou Coupables.-Causes of juvenile delinquency: Heredity and environment are both important factors. Fifty per cent of delinquency is due to lack of proper home life, 30 per cent to mental troubles. Types of delinquent children: (1) the child mentally and morally sound, but exposed to bad environment; (2) the poorly trained child; (3) the mistreated child; (4) the feeble-minded child; (5) the degenerate child; (6) the mentally unbalanced child; (7) the child lacking most of the social instincts. Treatment of delinquent children; (1) Treatment should fit the individual case. To secure this, observation clinics should be established. (2) Juvenile courts should be created. (3) Institutions for the education and guidance of delinquents should be developed. Observation clinics. The problem of finding a suitable place to confine minors while awaiting trial is solved by the observation clinic, in which the mental, physical, and moral life of the child is studied. The changed environment and the treatment by specialists often bring to light the peculiar needs of the child. Juvenile courts: The first juvenile court was established in Chicago in 1899. The movement spread over the United States and Europe. Some form of it may be found in Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and France. In France an informal inquiry is conducted by a judge who is a child specialist. Disposal of cases: The judge sometimes merely gives the child needed advice. In other cases he may take it under his control and either return it to its parents on probation or place it in some family, some public or private institution of relief, a house of correction, or a special asylum. Whatever may be the method adopted, it should not be of a fixed character.-P. Noblécourt and G. Schreiber, Revue philanthropique, January, 1921. M. S. E. Observations Psychologiques sur les Combattants. Spread of fear and courage: The exhibition of fear in one soldier may arouse fear in others, boldness may reassure them. But sometimes rashness produces an idea of danger and hence causes fear. Inversely, cowardice may inspire others to show their superiority by acts of valor. The less community one has with a group, the less exposed he is to emotional contagion. Influence of ideas of danger on fear: Fear is not proportional to danger but to the idea one has of it. Soldiers feel at ease in a sheltered place which may be more dangerous than the open. Unknown peril seems greater than it is, and unexpected danger produces more fear than if foreseen. Conditions affecting fear: The consciousness of fighting for some great cause can overcome fear. "Anger sometimes grows out of fear. War breaks down the veneer of civilization and leads to superstitions which affect the conduct in the face of danger. Habit lessens the fear of immediate danger, but cannot remove the apprehension of suffering and death which the soldier imagines when unoccupied. Influence of wounds and nervous troubles: Wounds produce a physical fear which is hard to overcome. Danger sometimes inhibits, sometimes stimulates, action. Emotional outlets: Sentimentality which is inhibited on the battle field seeks outlets in other directions. Nervous relaxation sometimes takes the form of exuberance, weeping, or laughing. Sleep: Some soldiers can sleep soundly after battle, others cannot. Men deadened for lack of sleep do not heed danger and work automatically. After expenditure of great effort soldiers often fear slight things. The stupor into which some men fall after emotional strain and the excitement which others feel may be explained by the self-control of the former.-Lieutenant Colonel Constantin, Revue philosophique, March-April, 1921. M. S. E. The Intimate Senses as Sources of Wisdom.-The ten special senses: There is nothing in the mind that was not first in the ten or more senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch (pressure), pain, temperature, equilibrium (static), kinaesthetic (muscle), organic. The criterion of special sense is that it has a specialized set of end-organs or receptors for reporting to the organism certain kinds of existing objects, and that it is connected through the central areas with a particular kind of response. Distinction between the defining and the intimate senses: In so far as a receptor discriminates qualities in objects and perceives their kinships, it may be called a defining sense. In so far as a receptor reports to consciousness directly or indirectly qualities of objects together with cues of right response, it may be designated an intimate sense. So there are defining sensory processes and intimate sensory processes. All of the senses are capable of both processes. The two types of sensory behavior are both high each in its own way when dealing with certain sorts of objects. There has been a double line of development equally important: the one moving in the direction of description, scientific analysis, practical manipulation, logical construction, and system-building; the other in interpreting its objects and their meanings and in holding the individual in right relationship in his world of experience. The intimate sensory processes are the direct and important sources of meaning, of worth, and of value. They are sources of wisdom in morals, aesthetics, and religion. The mechanisms of the defining and intimate senses. The central mechanism of the defining processes has the central nervous system with the cerebrum and its highest structure. The neural mechanism of the intimate senses is the autonomic, or sympathetic, system and its connection with all the viscera and the smooth muscle tissues of the body. The language of the intimate-sense wisdom is symbolism that can hint and suggest meanings that are indescribable. Fallacies regarding the intimate senses: Contrary to certain psychological points of view, the intimate senses are: (1) as consistent in their objective reference |