of this movement and its probable effect upon race relations in the North. Among such books may be noted Negro Migration during the War, by Dr. Emmett J. Scott, of Howard University, and Negro Migration, Changes in Rural Organization and Population of the Cotton Belt, by Mr. Thomas Jackson Woofter, Jr., field agent, Phelps-Stokes Fund, and Fellow of the University of Georgia. Dr. Scott's treatise is a plain, straightforward, and intelligent description of the situation with careful analysis of the producing causes, with sane and well-reasoned constructive suggestions set forth in the optimistic manner characteristic of the mood and method of the author. This book was published under the auspices of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and constitutes an important part of the literature bearing upon preliminary economics of the war. Dr. Scott points out the causes and effects of this movement both in the North and South and presents a valuable bibliography of books, periodicals, and newspapers. It is doubtful whether his newspaper bibliography, covering both the white and colored press, could be easily duplicated.

Mr. Woofter's book deals wholly with migration and resultant social changes of the negro population within the Cotton Belt. He traces the movement of the negro population from city to country and from state to state. This movement is accounted for by the ruin of the old southern régime which is pointed out with great clearness and understanding. The rapid diminution of the size of the southern farm, the rise of the negro tenant and the negro landowner are treated with greater fulness and clearness than one finds elsewhere. Mr. Woofter represents the best type of intelligence and character of the new generation of white college men of the South. His treatment is wholly without rancor and is free from the arrogant assumption which is so often met with in works by southern authors. There is a refreshing frankness and sincerity of purpose to promote the general betterment of both races.

Both of the books under discussion were published before the Fourteenth Census and consequently could not include the valuable facts which this last enumeration has subsequently disclosed. Indeed, the Census has not yet sufficiently progressed at the present time to tell us the exact number of negroes who migrated northward on the wings of this great movement. We do know, however, that New York has 153,000, Philadelphia 134,000, and Chicago 109,000 negroes, and that the negro population in fifteen northern cities increased by over 300,000 during the past decade. We have also been informed that the negro

population of Alabama has diminished, and that the total population of Mississippi has slightly fallen off, due in all probability to the decline of the negro element. The student awaits with keen eagerness the Census bulletins bearing on this subject as they roll from the press. We do know, however, that the negro population in the North has been almost doubled in the last ten years, and that there has been a decline or but slight increase in the far southern states. The complete treatment of this movement must await the final outcome of the Census when the statistical elements can be accurately involved in the

treatment.

Both authors are agreed that the cause of this northern migration was essentially economic. Large masses of people in modern times move from place to place only under compulsion of economic motives. The unsatisfactory political and civil conditions undoubtedly had some contributory influence. Lawlessness and lynching and the restless conditions of the war all had their due share in producing this northern hegira. However, political and civil conditions at this time were not less satisfactory, and lawlessness and lynching were scarcely more rife, than during the preceding decades which did not produce like migratory effects.

There is much speculation as to whether the negro migrants will find a permanent place in northern industries or whether they will return to the southern states. There has been an increase of at least 500,000 negroes in the North. These newcomers have tasted something of the better opportunities and privileges of their new environment and will hardly return to the land from which they have escaped, although the fleshpots be inviting. The tasting of liberty leads to the love of it. Mr. Douglass prophesied with assurance that the South was to be the final home of the negro. "The dust will fly, the earth will remain." But this gigantic transference of population has somewhat disturbed our faith in the finality of the first conclusion. We are now facing the possibility of the negroes distributing themselves with greater evenness among the entire population of the nation. None can now foretell with certainty what this redistribution portends.

The two books before us, however, might well be considered in connection with a fuller understanding of this question which still waits upon the fuller federal enumeration of facts.

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

KELLY MILLER

Denmark: A Cooperative Commonwealth. By FREDERICK C. HOWE. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1921. Pp. ix+203. $2.00.

The transformation of the people of Denmark, in the last fifty years, from an ignorant, exploited, and poverty-stricken peasantry into a people having thoroughly diffused comfort, high average intelligence, and using methods that insure the common man against all the ordinary vicissitudes of life, should certainly be an attractive subject for study by the American farmer and laboring man.

This enthusiastic description of the process and results by Frederick C. Howe claims to have been checked and verified by official statistics, and the critical approval of well-informed Danes.

The chief methods were inspiring education open to everyone in the "people's high schools" and the previous and subsequent schools supported by the state, the co-operative associations that cover every portion of the farmer's economic processes so that each tiller of the soil, on no matter how small a scale, is a member of numerous co-operative societies.

These lead to effective and continuous participation in the completely democratic governmental activities.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

VICTOR E. HELLEBERG

The Offender. By BURDETTE G. LEWIS.
York: Harper & Bros., 1921. Pp. 382.

(Second edition.) New $2.50.

This book is the second edition of a work originally published in 1917 It differs from the previous edition in having an introduction by George W. Wickersham, former attorney-general of the United States, the original Introduction by Mr. Lewis having become a Preface. It also has a postcript note by Mr. Lewis.

The title of the work is misleading. It is not a study of the offender, but rather a study of the treatment of the offender. The subtitle, however, corrects this erroneous first impression in part. The subtitle is "and His Relations to Law and Society."

The book is an excellent summary by one who has had extensive practical experience in the handling of institutions for offenders. Mr. Lewis for some time was commissioner of charities and correction for the

city of New York, and now is secretary of the State Board of New Jersey, which has charge of the charitable and correctional institutions of the state. While Mr. Lewis has one chapter on the causes which account for the offender, it is inadequate and unsatisfactory.

The particular value of the book lies in Mr. Lewis' full discussion of society's treatment of the offender. His criticism of the court is good, because, while trenchant, it is yet sympathetic with the difficulties growing out of the historical evolution of the courts. In discussing the treatment of the offender, the author takes into account the progress which has been made in the mental diagnosis of criminals and supplements it with a social classification.

His chapters on "Probation and Parole" and on "The Indeterminate Sentence" provide very little new. His chapter on "The Clearing House," however, makes practical suggestions for securing the social information necessary to properly treat the criminal.

His discussion of "Prison Government and Discipline" is the best which has yet appeared, based largely on his wide knowledge of conditions in America and upon his experience in New York. These chapters are of primary importance. Mr. Lewis' feet are always on solid ground. This is shown by his insistence that a prison is not merely a hospital. He recognizes that there are offenders who are past cure.

In this connection, his outline of the kind of institutions a state should have for the treatment of offenders is of the greatest significance. In general, the system should provide for adequate detention prisons where those waiting trial can be provided with wholesome conditions and every opportunity consistent with their safe detention by safeguarding their contamination through contact with hardened or degenerate offenders. In addition, a classification institution should be provided to which all offenders should be committed by the courts immediately upon conviction. Here they would be studied by experts in order to determine the kind of treatment each should receive. If the offender is not released upon parole, Mr. Lewis suggests the following nine types of institutions for their treatment:

I. Two educational, industrial, and trade-school institutions, one for young men and one for women who could profit by the training given there.

2. Two industrial institutions, preferably farm colonies, one for the young and more hopeful class of male inebriates and the other for women of the same type.

3. Two institutions for the insane and for border-line insanity cases, one for men and one for women.

4. Two custodial institutions for the low-grade feeble-minded and other abnormals in which would be provided simple industrial and agricultural work, one for men and one for women.

5. Two institutions for the incorrigibles, degenerates, and abnormals where segregation, classification, and isolation into small groups could be secured.

6. Two institutions for habitual drunkards or rounders, vagrants, the despairing, and the hopelessly crippled. These should be farm colonies with medical facilities.

7. Two industrial institutions organized for production rather than for education and training, for those beyond educational age.

8. Two industrial farm-colony institutions organized for production. These would also provide for those to be kept for short periods, such as are usually sent to the workhouse or jail.

9. Two institutions, one for each sex, where offenders suffering from blood and contagious diseases may be committed for isolation and treatment. These should be in the country, assuring plenty of light and air with isolation.

Mr. Lewis cites illustrations of almost all of these types in institutions now to be found in the United States. No one state, however, has all of these. His discussion of industrial training, productive prison-work, institutional procedure, and prevention of crime is good, but adds nothing to our knowledge. These chapters serve, however, to bring together in small compass the results of present-day experience.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

J. L. GILLIN

The Housing Famine, How to End It. A Triangular Debate between JOHN J. MURPHY, EDITH ELMER WOOD, and FREDERICK L. ACKERMAN. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1920. Pp. xvi+246. $2.50.

The obvious purpose of the arrangement of this debate between three people as well known in the housing field as Mrs. Wood, Mr. Murphy, and Mr. Ackerman was to present the various points of view of students well acquainted with causes of, and remedies for, the serious.