The technique adopted is too often the discussion of the theories of opposing men, but this is in accordance with the tradition of our academic tribe. Sociologists in particular cannot come with clean hands, for with us too often science is the opinions of professors.

The two main conclusions presented in the summarizing chapter are concerned with the multiplicity of social relations, and with a polemic against the unilateral theory of social evolution. And both in the summary and in the body of the work the thesis is well maintained. The method is objective though psychological explanations tempt him, as when he declares the horror of incestuous marriages with sisters to be instinctive.

The author is on the staff of the American Museum of Natural History and has investigated personally some of the plains Indians, particularly the Crows. It is quite natural that much of the illustrative material should be taken from that field. About half of the references are from American writers, but one notices some regrettable omissions. Thomas is not mentioned, nor Dewey, nor Mead, nor Herbert Spenser. In view of the inclusion of Andrew Lang, one finds the omission of Westermarck quite inexplicable. The same can be said of the inclusion of Hobhouse while the work of Steinmetz is left unnoticed. Why should Freud be quoted and Wundt not even mentioned? The sociologist's feeling in reading the book is perhaps to be accounted for by the lack of reference to the authorities with which the author is apparently not familiar.

But the book is interesting and valuable and the reviewer has found it a useful reference in the course on social origins.

ELLSWORTH FARIS

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

Source Book in Anthropology. By A. L. KROEBER AND T. T. WATERMAN. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1920. Pp. 565.

This excellent volume will place under a debt of gratitude those teachers of sociology who are giving courses in social origins. While the volume is quite manageable, it has more than half the number of pages of Thomas' source book, which it is admirably adapted to suppleThe Preface contains the statement that nothing is included which is available in the source book of Thomas.

ment.

The selections cover a very wide range, beginning with twelve pages from Herodotus, following by a section from Lucretius, and proceeding in an orderly manner to give the student some first-hand source material on geology, biology, inheritance, and the origin and structure of primitive culture. The last four readings give the creation account respectively of the "Maori of New Zealand," the "Maidu of California," the "Tlingit Indians of Alaska," and the "Ancient Hebrews." There are fifty-four selections in all, and the material is made all the more interesting by the use of illustrations which are well selected.

There is a bibliography which gives a carefully chosen annotated list of the best books. This bibliography is classified in two sections, these latter being divided into twenty-four heads. The general reader will find the book interesting.

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

ELLSWORTH FARIS

Sociology, Its Development and Applications. By JAMES QUAYLE DEALEY, PH.D. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1920. Pp. xv+547. $3.00.

This work, embracing about 40 per cent more material than Professor Dealey's earlier and briefer text, has preserved the same lucid style and wholesome treatment which characterized its forerunner. The additional material consists to a considerable extent of an account of the development of sociological theory, and of the relations of the science to other cognate divisions of knowledge. The teacher of sociology and the general reader alike will find here a book of good faith, ministering to an informed enthusiasm for social progress, and emphasizing the moral values implicit in the social process. The social goals toward which selfconscious and enlightened community life should shape its course are central themes, particularly in Part III, which deals with "Social Progress."

In the application of these humane principles to the solution of our vexing economic problems, there are a few passages not wholly compatible with the principal thesis of the work: For example, it is nowhere made clear that the present direction of economic production in its larger aspects by an irresponsible financial higher command, is in essence inconsistent both with democracy and with the social telecism which we are told should govern our institutions. Proposals, as on page 457, to

tax, regulate, and "check" capital, are, it would appear, merely negative and palliative in their nature, and do not assure the affirmative prosecution of a genuinely social policy of industrial administration. To approach that goal, the public interest in industry must be made paramount and the earning of profits be relegated to an incidental position. On pages 466-67 we read that among the questions in which "the public as a whole is not interested" is that of "unions or no unions"; it is interested, however, "in a just division of the benefits." It is difficult to see how the government in its rôle of "umpire" can pass upon questions of distributive justice unless the workers have representatives of their own choosing through whom their claims may be presented. Labor surely must have its own spokesmen and present its own case, and to this end a union of some sort is indispensable.

In general, the forward-looking temper of the book is indicated by such passages as the following:

Our chief social institutions . . . . should shape dynamic, telic points of view. Admittedly they are conserving institutions, and sometimes with distressing tenacity they hold too long to obsolete rules and systems of organization and to customary, sanctioned methods of functioning. If these institutions were developed, as they were, by comparatively unintelligent generations of former human beings, does it not seem possible that more intelligent, later generations may be able to effect improvements?

ERVILLE BARTLETT Woods

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE

The History and Practice of Psychoanalysis. By PAUL BJERRE (Barrow, tr.). Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1920.

The title of this book is deceptive. It is neither a history of psychoanalysis nor a representative statement of its technique. It does present in an interesting manner the author's interpretation of the development of modern psychotherapy, starting with Kant. Considerable space is given to the Freudian movement, a distinction being made between the method and the theory of psychoanalysis. Adler's doctrine concerning the neurosis receives, as compared with Freud's, a more sympathetic and adequate treatment. One chapter of the book presents a case-history for the purpose of showing how the author "was successful in dissolving analytically a strongly constituted system of persecution of ten years' standing." The analysis given the patient

will seem to the follower of Freud, clumsy and incomplete, an unsatisfactory illustration of psychoanalytic technique.

The book will be most useful in giving the readers already familiar with Freudian and Adlerian psychology information regarding the work of the earlier leaders in mental therapeutics.

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

ERNEST R. GROVES

American Political Ideas: Studies in the Development of American Political Thought, 1865-1917. By CHARLES EDWARD MERRIAM, PH.D., Professor of Political Science, University of Chicago. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1920. Pp. 481. $2.75.

Professor Merriam has given students of society an invaluable book for the study of the history of recent American political and social thought. It is much broader than its title indicates; for economic, ethical, and sociological ideas, as well as political, receive attention. Indeed, the reviewer knows of no other work which cites so many of the books and articles which, during the last fifty years, have proved significant for the development of American political and social ideas. And if thought be significant in the social process, the book summarizes the important developments in American political and social life during that period.

Professor Merriam presents the development of American political and social ideas neither chronologically nor as the work of distinct schools of thought, but rather as the outcome of certain pressing practical problems in government, such as the consent of the governed, legislative and executive powers, the courts and justice, changing the federal Constitution, political parties and unofficial government, internationalism, pacifism, militarism, and government and liberty. The result is that while the practical background of political and social conditions in the development of ideas is clearly shown, the presentation of the thought itself is unsystematic and often burdened with repetition. But whatever be the loss through lack of system in presenting the ideas of different schools, it is perhaps more than offset by the gain of showing their close relation with practical problems.

The significance of the work of American sociologists from Sumner to Small, Ross, and Cooley for political theory is, in general, recognized,

but the full bearing of their theories upon political science is not always made clear. For example, there is no intimation that Professor Cooley's sociological doctrines have any great political significance, though the work of Miss Follett shows that they have. Such criticisms, however, do not detract from the value of the book as a history of recent American political and social ideas. For all who are interested in that history it is indispensable.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

CHARLES A. ELLWOOD

Law in the Modern State. By LÉON DUGUIT, Professor of Law in the University of Bordeaux. With Introduction [34 pages] by HAROLD LASKI. Translated by FRIDA and HAROLD LASKI. New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1919. Pp. xliv+248. $2.25.

That the inherent nature of law is to be found in the social needs of man and not in the fiat of the sovereign state is the underlying thesis of M. Duguit. Eighteenth-century ideals of sovereignty and the Austinian conception of law have no place in the juristic philosophy of the day. The chief concerns of the modern state are no longer defense, police, and justice, but the uninterrupted operation of public utilities, essential industries, and education. These latter do not involve the commands of the sovereign, but are the duties of the government exacted by the people.

Public law must then be recast in terms of public service, and the validity of state action must be made to depend upon its contribution to this ideal. The growing demand in France for judicial review, the expansion of the idea of local autonomy in the administration, the subjection of official action to review in the administrative courts, and the agitation for compensation for damage to private interest done by general statutes, afford striking evidence of the gradual eclipse of the old ideals of political sovereignty.

In failing to distinguish between the political sovereignty of the days of absolutism and the practical need of legal sovereignty, creating a final authority for the solution of those controversies which are inherent in the effective operations of every corporate effort, the author has given plausible support to the defenders of pluralism of which Mr. Laski, in his Introduction, has been quick to take advantage. Such a distinction