cation, the early legislative enactments were inadequate relative to the creation of effective machinery for enforcement and to completeness and specificity of provisions. However, out of an ever-increasing public sensitivity to child welfare there grew up new laws-and old laws were constantly revised to strengthen them-which were written not only in terms of limitations placed upon kinds and hours of employment, but also in terms of educational attainments and physical fitness as conditions to employment.

In the course of time, legal provisions have become more definite in the designation and the creation of legal machinery and personnel for enforcement, more restrictive as to hours of labor, more expanded as to prohibited employment, more specific as to authorized and required cooperation of education and labor officials for the enforcement of legal prescriptions, more mandatory as to inspection of places of employment for ascertaining violations, more precise as to official examinations to determine physical fitness for employment, more explicit as to discretionary power to be exercised by administrative officers, and more complete in the enumeration of factors to which officials should give attention in their administration of the law.

SUMMARY OF PROTECTIVE LAWS AND REGULATIONS REGARDING CHILDREN

SCHOOL CENSUS

FORTY-TWO STATES carry on a State-controlled school census. It is required by law in 40 of these States. In 1 State (Illinois), it is carried on by a regulation of the chief State school officer. Of the 6 States not carrying on a school census, 3 (Delaware, Nevada, and New Jersey) have permissive legislation for a school census in the Statutes, and 3 (Arizona, California, and Indiana) do not mention the school census.

Of the 42 States that carry on a census, 27 take it annually, 6 make the count every 2 years, 1 State does it every 4 years, while 3 States hold to a 5-year period. In 4 States a continuous census is used. New York provides for a continuous census in all cities and annually in other school districts.

The age spans most popular for the school census are 6-21 years, 6-18 years, and 5-21 years, 11 States having the first, 10 States the second, and 5 States the last range. Fourteen different age ranges are used in the 42 States having a school census. The States with the different age ranges are as follows: New York, Louisiana, birth-18; Michigan, birth-20; Minnesota, Montana, birth-21; Connecticut, 4-16; Oregon, Wisconsin, 4-20; Rhode Island, West Virginia, 4-21; Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 5-16; Ohio, Maryland, 5-18; Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Nebraska, Washington, 5-21; Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, 6-18; Missouri, 6-20; Alabama, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming, 6-21; South Carolina, 7-16; Virginia, 7-20.

The local school board or the director (or secretary) of the board is usually the designated agency for taking the census. The power to hire enumerators is usually given to the board of education. The clerk of the school board and, in some cases, the teachers are asked to take the census as a part of their regular work. Often the county

superintendent is charged with the responsibility of taking the census if the local school boards are remiss in their duty. In a few States police officers in large cities are required to aid in taking the census.

It is fairly common for States either by statute or by regulation of the State board to have various types of handicapped children specially noted in the census. There is considerable variation in the language of the laws and the regulations so that the figures gathered in the different States are not necessarily comparable. Also, instructions in different States vary in defining various types of deficiencies. In some States, deaf, partially deaf, blind, and partially blind only are asked for; in others, feeble-minded only. A good beginning has been made in the census of these handicapped children. States having some kind of census of the handicapped are: Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

The school census is prescribed in most States for some period (usually about a month) between the first of April and the end of September. There are almost as many different dates set for the census as there are States taking the census. The laws of the States do not usually prescribe any date "as of" which it is to be taken.

The forms for taking the census and the summaries required are left, in the majority of the States, by the law to the State department of education to prescribe and furnish. The laws of some States prescribe some or all of the items on the forms used in taking the census. The original individual census reports are usually filed with the officials of the local school system for their use in checking with the enrollment in school so that violations of the attendance laws can be located. In only a few States is there direct prescription of the use of census data. Summary reports to the chief State school officers are required by law in 35 States. In 1 State (Florida) a report is required for handicapped children and in 2 other States (New Mexico and Virginia) the State department regulations require such reports. The figures from the summary reports to county superintendents and State superintendents are used by 25 States as the basis for the allotment of funds to school districts. These States are: Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

TABLE I-Summary of Certain Items for the School Census, by State

X XX: XX XX: XX XXX: X.

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