exempted, shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of according to the best

of my ability."

And no other oath, declaration, or test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 3.]

79 Cal. 109; 133 Cal. 200; 151 Cal. 804.

Officers or commissioners, election or appointment of.

SEC. 4. All officers or commissioners whose election or appointment is not provided for by this Constitution, and all officers or commissioners whose offices or duties may hereafter be created by law, shall be elected by the people, or appointed, as the Legislature may direct.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 6.]

80 Cal. 234; 85 Cal. 416; 110 Cal. 451, 452; 143 Cal. 414, 416.

Fiscal year.

SEC. 5. The fiscal year shall commence on the first day of July.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 8.]

89 Cal. 200; 93 Cal. 400; 139 Cal. 524.

Suits against the State.

SEC. 6. Suits may be brought against the State in such manner and in such courts as shall be directed by law.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 11.]

82 Cal. 495, 496; 1 Cal. App. 144; VII Cal. App. Dec. 105.

Marriage contracts.

SEC. 7. No contract of marriage, if otherwise duly made, shall be invalidated for want of conformity to the requirements of any religious sect.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 12.]

Separate property of husband and wife.

SEC. 8. All property, real and personal, owned by either husband or wife, before marriage, and that acquired by either of them afterwards by gift, devise, or descent, shall be their separate property.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 14.]

116 Cal. 341; 147 Cal. 515.

Perpetuities.

SEC. 9. No perpetuities shall be allowed except for eleemosynary purposes.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 16.]

58 Cal. 472; 108 Cal. 659; 113 Cal. 139; 138 Cal. 553; 3 Cal. App. 747.

Disqualification for bribery.

SEC. 10. Every person shall be disqualified from holding any office of profit in this State who shall have been convicted of having given or offered a bribe to procure his election or appointment.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 17.]

XXXVI Cal. Dec. 239.

Purity in office-holding and in elections.

SEC. 11. Laws shall be made to exclude from office, serving on juries, and from the right of suffrage, persons convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, malfeasance in office, or other high crimes. The privilege of free suffrage shall be supported by laws regulating elections, and prohibiting, under adequate penalties, all undue influence thereon from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper practice.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 18.]

118 Cal. 489; 120 Cal. 375; XXXVI Cal. Dec. 239.

Residence, when absence does not affect.

SEC. 12. Absence from this State, on business of the State or of the United States, shall not affect the question of residence of any person.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 19.]

Election by plurality.

SEC. 13. A plurality of the votes given at any election shall constitute a choice, where not otherwise directed in this Constitution.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 20.]

143 Cal. 549; 7 Cal. App. 152.

State Board of Health.

SEC. 14. The Legislature shall provide, by law, for the maintenance and efficiency of a State Board of Health.

Mechanic's lien.

SEC. 15. Mechanics, materialmen, artisans, and laborers of every class shall have a lien upon the property upon which they have bestowed labor or furnished material, for the value of such labor done and material furnished; and the Legislature shall provide, by law, for the speedy and efficient enforcement of such liens.

61 Cal. 353; 81 Cal. 179; 89 Cal. 111; 97 Cal. 646; 98 Cal. 151; 107 Cal. 623; 109 Cal. 184; 117 Cal. 699; 136 Cal. 125; 138 Cal. 545; 142 Cal. 242; 148 Cal. 583, 737, 150 Cal. 792; 1 Cal. App. 308; 2 Cal. App. 507; 3 Cal. App. 480; 5 Cal. App. 759, 760, 761; VII Cal. App. Dec. 97, 165; VIII Cal. App. Dec. 282.

Term of offices, when not fixed by Constitution.

SEC. 16. When the term of any officer or commissioner is not provided for in this Constitution, the term of such officer or commissioner may be declared by law; and, if not so declared, such officer or commissioner shall hold his position as such officer or commissioner during the pleasure of the authority making the appointment; but in no case shall such term exceed four years; provided, however, that in the case of any officer or employé of any municipality governed under a legally adopted charter, the provisions of such charter with reference to the tenure of office or the dismissal from office of any such officer or employé shall control. [Amendment adopted November 6, 1906.]

[Original Section.] SEC. 16. When the term of any officer or commissioner is not provided for in this Constitution the term of such officer or commissioner may be declared by law; and if not so declared, such officer or commissioner shall hold his position as such officer or commissioner during the pleasure of the

authority making the appointment; but in no case shall such term exceed four years.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 7.]

55 Cal. 524; 56 Cal. 114; 66 Cal. 655; 79 Cal. 106, 113; 82 Cal. 495; 85 Cal. 416; 93 Cal. 153, 155, 158; 100 Cal. 264; 110 Cal. 451, 452, 453; 127 Cal. 392; 132 Cal. 450; 136 Cal. 581, 654; 138 Cal. 16; 145 Cal. 471; 1 Cal. App. 7; 2 Cal. App. 507; 6 Cal. App. 222, 224.

Hours of labor on public works.

SEC. 17. The time of service of all laborers or workmen or mechanics employed upon any public works of the State of California, or of any county, city and county, city, town, district, township, or any other political subdivision thereof, whether said work is done by contract or otherwise, shall be limited and restricted to eight hours in any one calendar day, except in cases of extraordinary emergency caused by fire, flood, or danger to life and property, or except to work upon public, military, or naval works or defenses in time of war, and the Legislature shall provide by law that a stipulation to this effect shall be incorporated in all contracts for public work, and prescribe proper penalties for the speedy and efficient enforcement of said law. [Amendment adopted November 4, 1902.]

[Original Section.] SEC. 17. Eight hours shall constitute a legal day's work on all public work.

Sex does not disqualify for business pursuits.

SEC. 18. No person shall, on account of sex, be disqualified from entering upon or pursuing any lawful business, vocation, or profession.

57 Cal. 605, 607, 608, 610, 611; 60 Cal. 82; 96 Cal. 360, 361; 98 Cal. 556.

Expenses of constitutional convention.

SEC. 19. Nothing in this Constitution shall prevent the Legislature from providing, by law, for the payment of the expenses of the convention framing this Constitution, including the per diem of the delegates for the full term thereof.

Elections, when held-Terms of office.

SEC. 20. Elections of the officers provided for by this Constitution, except at the election in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-nine, shall be held on the even-numbered years next

The terms of

before the expiration of their respective terms. such officers shall commence on the first Monday after the first day of January next following their election.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. IV, § 39, and Schedule, §§ 8 and 13.] 53 Cal. 747, 748, 749; 55 Cal. 622; 56 Cal. 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113; 58 Cal. 560; 62 Cal. 565; 96 Cal. 291; 99 Cal. 44, 45, 46; 116 Cal. 112; VII Cal. App. Dec. 445, 446, 447.

SECTION 1. The boundary of the State of California shall be as follows: Commencing at the point of intersection of the fortysecond degree of north latitude with the one hundred and twentieth degree of longitude west from Greenwich, and running south on the line of said one hundred and twentieth degree of west longitude until it intersects the thirty-ninth degree of north latitude; thence running in a straight line, in a southeasterly direction, to the River Colorado, at a point where it intersects the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude; thence down the middle of the channel of said river to the boundary line between the United States and Mexico, as established by the treaty of May thirtieth, one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight; thence running west and along said boundary line to the Pacific Ocean, and extending therein three English miles; thence running in a northwesterly direction and following the direction of the Pacific coast to the forty-second degree of north latitude; thence on the line of said forty-second degree of north latitude to the place of beginning. Also, including all the islands, harbors, and bays along and adjacent to the coast.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XII, § 1.]

ARTICLE XXII.

SCHEDULE.

That no inconvenience may arise from the alterations and amendments in the Constitution of this State, and to carry the same into complete effect, it is hereby ordained and declared: