stated or to the payment of the debt thereby created, and such law shall be published in at least one newspaper in each county, or city and county, if one be published therein, throughout the State, for three months next preceding the election at which it is submitted to the people. The Legislature may, at any time after the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal the same, [Amendment adopted November 3, 1908.]

[Original Section.] SECTION 1. The Legislature shall not, in any manner, create any debt or debts, liability or liabilities, which shall, singly or in the aggregate with any previous debts or liabilities, exceed the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, except in case of war to repel invasion or suppress insurrection, unless the same shall be authorized by law for some single object or work to be distinctly specified therein, which law shall provide ways and means, exclusive of loans, for the payment of the interest of such debt or liability as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt or liability within twenty years of the time for the contracting thereof, and shall be irrepealable until the principal and interest thereon shall be paid and discharged; but no such law shall take effect until, at a general election, it shall have been submitted to the people and shall have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such election; and all moneys raised by authority of such law shall be applied only to the specific object therein stated, or to the payment of the debt thereby created, and such law shall be published in at least one newspaper in each county, or city and county, if one be published therein, throughout the State, for three months next preceding the election at which it is submitted to the people. The Legislature may, at any time after the approval of such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance thereof, repeal the same. [Constitution of 1849, Art. VIII, § 1.]

144 Cal. 694; 148 Cal. 502, 503.

ARTICLE XVII.

LAND AND HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION.

Homestead exemption.

SECTION 1. The Legislature shall protect, by law, from forced sale, a certain portion of the homestead and other property of all heads of families.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 15.]

61 Cal. 353, 354; 62 Cal. 138; 82 Cal. 228, 232, 236; 99 Cal. 48; 111 Cal. 487; 119 Cal. 374; 140 Cal. 621.

Large land holdings discouraged.

SEC. 2. The holding of large tracts of land, uncultivated and unimproved, by individuals or corporations, is against the public interest, and should be discouraged by all means not inconsistent with the rights of private property.

88 Cal. 455; 96 Cal. 118; 111 Cal. 400; 1 Cal. App. 150; 3 Cal. App. 245.

State lands granted only to actual settlers.

SEC. 3. Lands belonging to this State, which are suitable for cultivation, shall be granted only to actual settlers, and in quantities not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres to each settler, under such conditions as shall be prescribed by law.

55 Cal. 103, 104, 105; 57 Cal. 76; 65 Cal. 13, 15; 68 Cal. 270, 508; 71 Cal. 321; 72 Cal. 240; 77 Cal. 535; 78 Cal. 8; 82 Cal. 141, 649; 88 Cal. 455, 456, 457, 459; 89 Cal. 44; 90 Cal. 47; 96 Cal. 118; 106 Cal. 490; 111 Cal. 400; 143 Cal. 72; 146 Cal. 543; 148 Cal. 496, 714; 1 Cal. App. 150; 3 Cal. App. 244.

ARTICLE XVIII.

AMENDING AND REVISING THE CONSTITUTION.

Amendments, how made.

SECTION 1. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be proposed in the Senate or Assembly, and if two thirds of all the members elected to each of the two houses shall vote in favor thereof, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered in their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon; and it shall be the duty of the Legislature to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner, and at such time, and after such publication as may be deemed expedient. Should more amendments than one be submitted at the same election, they shall be so prepared and distinguished, by numbers or otherwise, that each can be voted on separately. If the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, or any of them, by a majority of the quali

fied electors voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of this Constitution.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. X, § 1.]

66 Cal. 633; 69 Cal 468, 473, 481; 72 Cal. 6; 80 Cal. 213; 102 Cal. 117, 120, 125, 126; 123 Cal. 460; 130 Cal. 91, 92; 132 Cal. 268; 1 Cal. App. 677.

In an opinion rendered to Hon. A. B. Nye, State Controller, under date of January 2, 1907, Hon. U. S. Webb, Attorney-General, has this to say relating to the time when amendments to the Constitution take effect:

* * "I am clearly of the view that this amendment became effective as a provision of the Constitution upon the date of its adoption by the people, to wit: November 6, 1906. This view is further supported by: Harrison vs. Colgan, 82 Pac. Rep. 674; 8 Cyc. 744; 6 Am. & Eng. Ency. 900." Harrison vs. Colgan is also reported in 148 Cal. 69, 72. See also Kingsbury vs. Ñye, VIII Cal. App. Dec. 48.

Revision, convention for.

SEC. 2. Whenever two thirds of the members elected to each branch of the Legislature shall deem it necessary to revise this Constitution, they shall recommend to the electors to vote, at the next general election, for or against a convention for that purpose, and if a majority of the electors voting at such election on the proposition for a convention shall vote in favor thereof, the Legislature shall, at its next session, provide by law for calling the same. The convention shall consist of a number of delegates not to exceed that of both branches of the Legislature, who shall be chosen in the same manner, and have the same qualifications, as members of the Legislature. The delegates so elected shall meet within three months after their election, at such place as the Legislature may direct. At a special election to be provided for by law, the Constitution that may be agreed upon by such convention shall be submitted to the people for their ratification or rejection, in such manner as the convention may determine. The returns of such election shall, in such manner as the convention shall direct, be certified to the Executive of the State, who shall call to his assistance the Controller, Treasurer, and Secretary of State, and compare the returns so certified to him; and - it shall be the duty of the Executive to declare, by his proclamation, such Constitution as may have been ratified by a majority of all the votes cast at such special election, to be the Constitution of the State of California.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. X § 2.]

69 Cal. 474; 102 Cal. 126; 123 Cal. 460.

ARTICLE XIX.

CHINESE.

Protection against undesirable aliens.

SECTION 1. The Legislature shall prescribe all necessary regulations for the protection of the State, and the counties, cities, and towns thereof, from the burdens and evils arising from the presence of aliens who are or may become vagrants, paupers, mendicants, criminals, or invalids afflicted with contagious or infectious diseases, and from aliens otherwise dangerous or detrimental to the well-being or peace of the State, and to impose conditions upon which such persons may reside in the State, and to provide the means and mode of their removal from the State, upon failure or refusal to comply with such conditions; provided, that nothing contained in this section shall be construed to impair or limit the power of the Legislature to pass such police laws or other regulations as it may deem necessary. 84 Cal. 230; 126 Cal. 674; 147 Cal. 651.

Corporations not to employ Chinese.

SEC. 2. No corporation now existing or hereafter formed under the laws of this State shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, employ, directly or indirectly, in any capacity, any Chinese or Mongolian. The Legislature shall pass such laws as may be necessary to enforce this provision.

NOTE. SEC. 2. The provisions of this section held to be in conflict with the U. S. Constitution, and therefore void. In re Parrott, 5 Pac. Coast Law Journal, p. 161.

No Chinese to be employed on public work.

SEC. 3. No Chinese shall be employed on any State, county, municipal, or other public work, except in punishment for crime.

Chinese immigration to be discouraged.

SEC. 4. The presence of foreigners ineligible to become citizens of the United States is declared to be dangerous to the wellbeing of the State, and the Legislature shall discourage their immigration by all the means within its power. Asiatic coolieism is a form of human slavery, and is forever prohibited in this State, and all contracts for coolie labor shall be void. All companies or corporations, whether formed in this country or any

foreign country, for the importation of such labor, shall be subject to such penalties as the Legislature may prescribe. The Legislature shall delegate all necessary power to the incorporated cities and towns of this State for the removal of Chinese without the limits of such cities and towns, or for their location within prescribed portions of those limits, and it shall also provide the necessary legislation to prohibit the introduction into this State of Chinese after the adoption of this Constitution. This section shall be enforced by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XX.

MISCELLANeous subjeCTS.

Capital of the State-How changed.

SECTION 1. The City of Sacramento is hereby declared to be the seat of government of this State, and shall so remain until changed by law; but no law changing the seat of government shall be valid or binding unless the same be approved and ratified by a majority of the qualified electors of the State voting therefor at a general State election, under such regulations and provisions as the Legislature, by a two-thirds vote of each house, may provide, submitting the question of change to the people. [Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 1.]

102 Cal. 114, 119, 125, 126.

Disqualification and disfranchisement for dueling.

SEC. 2. Any citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, fight a duel with deadly weapons, or send or accept a challenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, either within this State or out of it, or who shall act as second, or knowingly aid or assist in any manner those thus offending, shall not be allowed to hold any office of profit, or to enjoy the right of suffrage under this Constitution.

[Constitution of 1849, Art. XI, § 2.]

XXXVI Cal. Dec. 239.

Oath of office.

SEC. 3. Members of the Legislature, and all officers, executive and judicial, except such inferior officers as may be by law