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(d) Preparation of diatomaceous earth and filtration. 327
3. Relationship between vapor pressure and concentration
of solute in a liquid......---
366
4. Relationship between vapor-pressure lowering and boil-
ing-point elevation...
367
XXIII. Boiling points of sucrose solutions-Continued.
Page
5. Relationship between boiling-point elevation and concen-
tration of solute____
368
6. Relationship between boiling-point elevation and atmos-
pheric pressure
(a) General_
7. Derivation of boiling-point elevation table.
8. References_
XXIV. Candy tests----
1. Introduction_.
(b) Hooker test.
2. National Bureau of Standards method for barley sugar.
(a) Procedure_.
(b) Observations for interpretation of results.
(3) Examination of the candy in aqueous
369
370
371
372
373
(1) Foam number..
(2) Examination of the plaque.
solution
374
(f) Improvements of the National Bureau of Stand-
ards method over the Hooker procedure..
(g) Utility and reliability of the candy tests..
3. Conclusions_
4. References_
385
386
389
390
(c) Method of the International Commission for Uni-
PART 3.-PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE SUGARS AND
THEIR DERIVATIVES
XXVIII. Optical activity, configuration, and structure in the sugar group__ 411
1. Constitution of the sugars and their interrelationships..
2. Optical activity in organic compounds..
3. Stereoisomerism of the sugars..
4. Nomenclature of the alpha and beta sugars.
5. Correlations between optical rotation and structure.
6. Correlations between the configurations and the chemical
properties of the sugars..
7. References _ _.
411
417
420
424
428
435
437
439
2. Crystallization and solution -
441
3. Mutarotation of freshly dissolved sugars.
(a) Mutarotation equations...
442
(b) Measurement of mutarotation.
446
(c) Velocity and equilibrium constants for the muta-
rotation reactions.
447
XXIX. Mutarotation and sugars in solution.
1. Characteristics of the equilibrium state-
(d) Effect of temperature on the mutarotation rate.
(e) Effect of temperature on the equilibrium state. 448
(f) Effect of acids and bases on the mutarotation
rates...
(g) Effect of the solvent and other substances on the
equilibrium state_
4. Chemical methods for studying the equilibrium state.
5. References_
XXX. Methods for the preparation of certain sugars.
8. 4-Glucosidomannose (4-(B-d-glucopyranosido)-d-mannose) 464
9. a-d-Gulose. CaCi2. H2O.
23. Turanose (3-(a-d-glucopyranosido)-d-fructose).
24. d-Xylose-
XXXI. Methods for the preparation of certain sugar derivatives.
(a) Sulfuric acid method for the preparation of
acetone derivatives. _
479
480
481
482
(b) Copper sulfate method for the preparation of
acetone derivatives_
484
(1) Monoacetone and diacetone derivatives
of methyl a-d-mannopyranoside...
(c) Hydrolysis of the diacetone derivative to give a
monoacetone derivative_
(d) Zinc chloride method for preparing benzylidine
derivatives
(e) References..
XXXI. Methods for the preparation of certain sugar derivatives-Con.
1. Acetal and ketal derivatives-Continued.
2. Acetyl derivatives..
Fage
485
(a) Low-temperature pyridine method of acetylation. 486
(1) Pentaacetyl-a-d-talose
487
(b) Low-temperature sulfuric acid method of acety-
(c) Low-temperature zinc chloride method of acetyla-
tion....
488
(d) Sodium acetate method of acetylation.
(1) Pentaacetyl-3-d-mannose-
(1) Pentaacetyl-3-d-galactose_
(e) High-temperature zinc chloride method of acety-
lation
489
(f) Preparation of acetyl derivatives from halogeno-
acetyl derivatives.
(1) Tetraacetyl-3-d-xylose..
(g) Interconversion of acetates__
(2) Preparation of hexaacetyl-a-d-a-manno-
heptose from hexaacetyl-ß-d-a-manno-
heptose...
(h) Preparation of open-chain acetates.
(1) Pentaacetyl-aldehydo-d-glucose..
(2) Pentaacetyl-keto-d-fructose-
(i) Preparation of partially acetylated pyranoses
(1) Heptaacetyl-4-(3-d-glucosido) - d-man-
(k) Methods for removing acetyl groups.
(1) Catalytic barium methylate method.
(2) Rapid deacetylation with hot sodium
methylate
(3) Deacetylation with an excess of alkali..
(1) Quantitative determination of acetyl groups....
(1) Determination of acetyl groups by alka-
line hydrolysis
492
(1) 1-Fluoro-2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-a-d-glucose - 498
Preparation of chloro-derivatives
499
(1) 1-Chloro-2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-a-d-glucose. 499
(2) 1-Chloro-2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-a-d-man-
nose.
(c) Preparation of bromo-derivatives_
500
(1) 1-Bromo-2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-a-d-glucose- 500
(2) 1-Bromo-2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-a-d-talose. - 500
3. Halogeno-acetyl derivatives-Continued.
(d) Preparation of iodo-derivatives.
(1) 1-Iodo-heptaacetyl-4-(3-d-glucosido)-a-
d-mannose_
(e) Transformation of the acetate of one sugar to the
halogeno-acetate of another sugar.
(1) Conversion of octaacetylcellobiose to
fluoro-hexaacetylglucosidomannose, (1-
fluoro-hexaacetyl-4-(3-d-glucosido)-a-
d-mannose).
501
(2) Conversion of octaacetyllactose to
chloro-heptaacetylneolactose, (1-chloro-
heptaacetyl-4-(6-d-galactosido)-d-altrose) 502
(f) References..
4. Benzoyl derivatives.
(a) Preparation of benzoyl derivatives with benzoyl
chloride in pyridine solution –
502
503
(a) Preparation of carbonates with carbonyl chloride
in pyridine solution......
(b) Preparation of carbonates with carbonyl chloride
in acetone solution_..
(b) References.
6. p-Toluenesulfonyl derivatives..
(a) Preparation of tosyl derivatives with p-toluene-
sulfonyl chloride in pyridine solution...
(1) 5-Tosyl monoacetone-3-l-rhamnose_.
7. Methyl ethers.
(a) Methylation with methyl iodide and silver oxide 506
(1) Methyl 2,3,4,6-tetramethyl-a-d-galacto-
(d) Methylation with methyl iodide and a sodium
salt in benzene or ether solution
(f) Quantitative determination of methoxyl groups. 509
(1) Gravimetric method.
(2) Volumetric method_
(g) References.
8. Triphenylmethyl ethers.
(b) Removal of trityl groups..
(a) Preparation of trityl derivatives.
(1) Methyl 6-trityl-a-d-glucopyranoside.
(1) Conversion of methyl 2,3,4-tribenzoyl-
6-trityl-a-d-glucoside to methyl 2,3,4-
tribenzoyl-a-d-glucoside.
(c) Quantitative determination of trityl groups.
(d) References..
509
510
511
512
513