cooperative agreement or contract with a unit of Federal, State, or local government other than a court.

(4) Each application for funding by a State or local court shall be approved, consistent with State law, by the State's supreme court, or its designated agency or council, which shall receive, administer, and be accountable for all funds awarded by the Institute to such courts.

(c) Permissible uses of funds

Funds available pursuant to grants, cooperative agreements, or contracts awarded under this section may be used

(1) to assist State and local court systems in establishing appropriate procedures for the selection and removal of judges and other court personnel and in determining appropriate levels of compensation;

(2) to support education and training programs for judges and other court personnel, for the performance of their general duties and for specialized functions, and to support national and regional conferences and seminars for the dissemination of information on new developments and innovative techniques; (3) to conduct research on alternative means for using judicial and nonjudicial personnel in court decisionmaking activities, to implement demonstration programs to test innovative approaches, and to conduct evaluations of their effectiveness;

(4) to support studies of the appropriateness and efficacy of court organizations and financing structures in particular States, and to enable States to implement plans for improved court organization and finance;

(5) to support State court planning and budgeting staffs and to provide technical assistance in resource allocation and service forecasting techniques;

(6) to support studies of the adequacy of court management systems in State and local courts and to implement and evaluate innovative responses to problems of record management, data processing, court personnel management, reporting and transcription of court proceedings, and juror utilization and management;

(7) to collect and compile statistical data and other information on the work of the courts and on the work of other agencies which relate to and effect the work of courts;

(8) to conduct studies of the causes of trial and appellate court delay in resolving cases, and to establish and evaluate experimental programs for reducing case processing time;

(9) to develop and test methods for measuring the performance of judges and courts and to conduct experiments in the use of such measures to improve the functioning of such judges and courts;

(10) to support studies of court rules and procedures, discovery devices, and evidentiary standards, to identify problems with the operation of such rules, procedures, devices, and standards, to devise alternative approaches to

'So in original. Probably should be "affect".

better reconcile the requirements of due process with the need for swift and certain justice, and to test the utility of those alternative approaches;

(11) to support studies of the outcomes of cases in selected subject matter areas to identify instances in which the substance of justice meted out by the courts diverges from public expectations of fairness, consistency, or equity, to propose alternative approaches to the resolving of cases in problem areas, and to test and evaluate those alternatives;

(12) to support programs to increase court responsiveness to the needs of citizens through citizen education, improvement of court treatment of witnesses, victims, and jurors, and development of procedures for obtaining and using measures of public satisfaction with court processes to improve court performance;

(13) to test and evaluate experimental approaches to providing increased citizen access to justice, including processes which reduce the cost of litigating common grievances and alternative techniques and mechanisms for resolving disputes between citizens; and

(14) to carry out such other programs, consistent with the purposes of this chapter, as may be deemed appropriate by the Institute. (d) Matching fund requirements

The Institute shall incorporate in any grant, cooperative agreement, or contract awarded under this section in which a State or local court (or other unit of State or local government) is the recipient, the requirement that the recipient provide a match, from private or public sources, not less than 50 per centum of the total cost of such grant, cooperative agreement, or contract, except that such requirement may be waived in exceptionally rare circumstances upon the approval of the chief justice of the highest court of the State and a majority of the Board of Directors.

(e) Compliance monitoring and evaluation by Institute

The Institute shall monitor and evaluate, or provide for independent evaluations of, programs supported in whole or in part under this chapter to ensure that the provisions of this chapter, the bylaws of the Institute, and the applicable rules, regulations, and guidelines promulgated pursuant to this chapter, are carried out.

(f) Independent study of financial and technical assistance programs

The Institute shall provide for an independent study of the financial and technical assistance programs under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 98-620, title II, § 206, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3340; Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, § 7321(b)(3), (4), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4466, 4467; Pub. L. 100-702, title VI, §§ 603, 604, Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4653.)

AMENDMENTS

1988-Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100-690, § 7321(b)(3)(A), and Pub. L. 100-702, § 603(1), amended par. (3) identically, inserting "judicial and" before “nonjudicial”.

Subsec.

(c)(4) to (15). Pub. L.

100-690, § 7321(b)(3)(B), (C), and Pub. L. 100-702, § 603(2), (3), made identical amendments, redesignating pars. (5) to (15) as (4) to (14), respectively, and striking out former par. (4) which read as follows: "to assist State and local courts in meeting requirements of Federal law applicable to recipients of Federal funds;".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100-690, § 7321(b)(4), and Pub. L. 100-702, § 604, amended subsec. (d) identically, substituting "court (or other unit of State or local government)" for "judicial system".

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in section 10703 of this title.

§ 10706. Limitations on grants and contracts

(a) Duties of Institute

With respect to grants made and contracts or cooperative agreements entered into under this chapter, the Institute shall

(1) ensure that no funds made available to recipients by the Institute shall be used at any time, directly or indirectly, to influence the issuance, amendment, or revocation of any Executive order or similar promulgation by any Federal, State, or local agency, or to undertake to influence the passage or defeat of any legislation or constitutional amendment by the Congress of the United States, or by any State or local legislative body, or any State proposal by initiative petition, or of any referendum, unless a governmental agency, legislative body, a committee, or a member thereof

(A) requests personnel of the recipients to testify, draft, or review measures or to make representations to such agency, body, committee, or member; or

(B) is considering a measure directly affecting the activities under this chapter of the recipient or the Institute; and

(2) ensure all personnel engaged in grant, cooperative agreement or contract assistance activities supported in whole or part by the Institute refrain, while so engaged, from any partisan political activity.

(b) Use of funds for training programs for advocacy of nonjudicial public policies or encouraging nonjudicial political activities

No funds made available by the Institute under this chapter, either by grant, cooperative agreement, or contract, may be used to support or conduct training programs for the purpose of advocating particular nonjudicial public policies or encouraging nonjudicial political activities.

(c) Authority coextensive with appropriation Acts

The authorization to enter into cooperative agreements, contracts or any other obligation under this chapter shall be effective only to the extent, and in such amounts, as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts.

(d) Prohibited uses of funds

To ensure that funds made available under this chapter are used to supplement and improve the operation of State courts, rather than to support basic court services, funds shall not be used

(1) to supplant State or local funds currently supporting a program or activity; or

(2) to construct court facilities or structures, except to remodel existing facilities to demonstrate new architectural or technological techniques, or to provide temporary facilities for new personnel or for personnel involved in a demonstration or experimental program.

(Pub. L. 98-620, title II, § 207, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3342; Pub. L. 100-702, title VI, § 605, Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4653.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this title", except in subsec. (d) where it was in the original "this Act", meaning title II of Pub. L. 98-620, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 336, known as the State Justice Institute Act of 1984, which enacted this chapter and amended section 620 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 17101 of this title and Tables.

AMENDMENTS

1988-Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 100-702 struck out par. (3) which read as follows: "ensure that each recipient that files with the Institute a timely application for refunding is provided interim funding necessary to maintain its current level of activities until

“(A) the application for refunding has been approved and funds pursuant thereto received; or

"(B) the application for refunding has been finally denied in accordance with section 10708 of this title."

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 10712 of this title.

§ 10707. Restrictions on activities of the Institute (a) Litigation; interference with independence of State judiciary; funding of State judicial system activities other than pursuant to this chapter; legislative lobbying

The Institute shall not

(1) participate in litigation unless the Institute or a recipient of the Institute is a party, and shall not participate on behalf of any client other than itself;

(2) interfere with the independent nature of any State judicial system or allow financial assistance to be used for the funding of regular judicial and administrative activities of any State judicial system other than pursuant to the terms of any grant, cooperative agreement, or contract with the Institute, consistent with the requirements of this chapter; or

(3) undertake to influence the passage or defeat of any legislation by the Congress of the United States or by any State or local legislative body, except that personnel of the Institute may testify or make other appropriate communication

(A) when formally requested to do so by a legislative body, committee, or a member thereof;

(B) in connection with legislation or appropriations directly affecting the activities of the Institute; or

(C) in connection with legislation or appropriations dealing with improvements in the State judiciary, consistent with the provisions of this chapter.

(b) Issuance of shares of stock; declaration of dividends; compensation for services; reimbursement for expenses; political activities

(1) The Institute shall have no power to issue any shares of stock, or to declare or pay any dividends.

(2) No part of the income or assets of the Institute shall enure to the benefit of any director, officer, or employee, except as reasonable compensation for services or reimbursement for expenses.

(3) Neither the Institute nor any recipient shall contribute or make available Institute funds or program personnel or equipment to any political party or association, or the campaign of any candidate for public or party office.

(4) The Institute shall not contribute or make available Institute funds or program personnel or equipment for use in advocating or opposing any ballot measure, initiative, or referendum.

(c) Identification of Institute with political activities Officers and employees of the Institute or of recipients shall not at any time intentionally identify the Institute or the recipient with any partisan or nonpartisan political activity associated with a political party or association, or the campaign of any candidate for public or party office.

(Pub. L. 98-620, title II, § 208, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3343.)

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This section is referred to in section 10712 of this title.

§ 10708. Administrative provisions

(a) The Institute shall prescribe procedures to ensure that financial assistance under this chapter shall not be suspended unless the grantee, contractor, person, or entity receiving financial assistance under this chapter has been given reasonable notice and opportunity to show cause why such actions should not be taken.

(b) Except as provided by Federal law other than this chapter, no officer or employee of the Institute, and no recipient of assistance under this chapter, may use or reveal any research or statistical information furnished under this chapter by any person and identifiable to any specific private person for any purpose other than the purpose for which the information was obtained in accordance with this chapter. Such information and copies thereof shall be immune from legal process, and shall not, without the consent of the person furnishing such information, be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial, legislative, or administrative proceedings. (Pub. L. 98-620, title II, § 209, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3344; Pub. L. 100-702, title VI, § 606, Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4653.)

AMENDMENTS

1988-Pub. L. 100-702 substituted "Administrative provisions" for "Special procedures" in section catchline, and amended text generally, changing structure of section from a single unlettered paragraph to one consisting of subsecs. (a) and (b).

§ 10709. Presidential coordination

The President may, to the extent not inconsistent with any other applicable law, direct that appropriate support functions of the Federal Government may be made available to the Institute in carrying out its functions under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 98-620, title II, § 210, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3344.)

§ 10710. Records and reports

(a) Reports

The Institute is authorized to require such reports as it deems necessary from any recipient with respect to activities carried out pursuant to this chapter.

(b) Records

The Institute is authorized to prescribe the keeping of records with respect to funds provided by any grant, cooperative agreement, or contract under this chapter and shall have access to such records at all reasonable times for the purpose of ensuring compliance with such grant, cooperative agreement, or contract or the terms and conditions upon which financial assistance was provided.

(c) Submission of copies of reports to recipients; maintenance in principal office of Institute; availability for public inspection; furnishing of copies to interested parties

Copies of all reports pertinent to the evaluation, inspection, or monitoring of any recipient shall be submitted on a timely basis to such recipient, and shall be maintained in the principal office of the Institute for a period of at least five years after such evaluation, inspection, or monitoring. Such reports shall be available for public inspection during regular business hours, and copies shall be furnished, upon request, to interested parties upon payment of such reasonable fees as the Institute may establish.

(d) Funds accounted for and reported as receipts and disbursements separate and distinct from Federal funds

Non-Federal funds received by the Institute, and funds received for projects funded in part by the Institute or by any recipient from a source other than the Institute, shall be accounted for and reported as receipts and disbursements separate and distinct from Federal funds.

(Pub. L. 98-620, title II, § 211, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3344.)

§ 10711. Audits

(a) Time and place of audits; standards; availability of books, accounts, facilities, etc., to auditors; filing of report and availability for public inspection

(1) The accounts of the Institute shall be audited annually. Such audits shall be conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by independent certified public accountants who are certified by a regulatory authority of the jurisdiction in which the audit is undertaken.

(2) The audits shall be conducted at the place or places where the accounts of the Institute are normally kept. All books, accounts, financial records, reports, files, and other papers or property belonging to or in use by the Institute and necessary to facilitate the audits shall be made available to the person or persons conducting the audits. The full facilities for verifying transactions with the balances and securities held by depositories, fiscal agents, and custodians shall be afforded to any such person.

(3) The report of the annual audit shall be filed with the General Accounting Office and shall be available for public inspection during business hours at the principal office of the Institute.

(b) Additional audits; requirements; reports and recommendations to Congress and Attorney General (1) In addition to the annual audit, the financial transactions of the Institute for any fiscal year during which Federal funds are available to finance any portion of its operations may be audited by the General Accounting Office in accordance with such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States.

(2) Any such audit shall be conducted at the place or places where accounts of the Institute are normally kept. The representatives of the General Accounting Office shall have access to all books, accounts, financial records, reports, files, and other papers or property belonging to or in use by the Institute and necessary to facilitate the audit. The full facilities for verifying transactions with the balances and securities held by depositories, fiscal agents, and custodians shall be afforded to such representatives. All such books, accounts, financial records, reports, files, and other papers or property of the Institute shall remain in the possession and custody of the Institute throughout the period beginning on the date such possession or custody commences and ending three years after such date, but the General Accounting Office may require the retention of such books, accounts, financial records, reports, files, and other papers or property for a longer period under section 3523(c) of title 31.

(3) A report of such audit shall be made by the Comptroller General to the Congress and to the Attorney General, together with such recommendations with respect thereto as the Comptroller General deems advisable.

(c) Annual audits by Institute or recipients; reports; submission of copies to Comptroller General; inspection of books, accounts, etc.; availability of audit reports for public inspection

(1) The Institute shall conduct, or require each recipient to provide for, an annual fiscal audit. The report of each such audit shall be maintained for a period of at least five years at the principal office of the Institute.

(2) The Institute shall submit to the Comptroller General of the United States copies of such reports, and the Comptroller General may, in addition, inspect the books, accounts, financial records, files, and other papers or property belonging to or in use by such grantee, contractor, person, or entity, which relate to the disposition or use of funds received from the Institute. Such audit reports shall be available for public inspection during regular business hours, at the principal office of the Institute.

(Pub. L. 98-620, title II, § 212, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3345.)

§ 10712. Report by Attorney General

On October 1, 1987, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Federal Judicial Center, shall transmit to the Committees on the Judiciary of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report on the effectiveness of the Institute in carrying out the duties specified in section 10702(b) of this title. Such report shall include an assessment of the cost effectiveness of the program as a whole and, to the extent practicable, of individual grants, an assessment of whether the restrictions and limitations specified in sections 10706 and 10707 of this title have been respected, and such recommendations as the Attorney General, in consultation with the Federal Judicial Center, deems appropriate.

(Pub. L. 98-620, title II, § 213, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3346.)

§ 10713. Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out the purposes of this chapter $15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1989 and 1990. Amounts appropriated under this section may remain available until expended.

(Pub. L. 98-620, title II, § 215, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3346; Pub. L. 100-690, title VII, § 7321(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4466; Pub. L. 100-702, title VI, § 607, Nov. 19, 1988, 102 Stat. 4654.)

AMENDMENTS

1988-Pub. L. 100-702 amended section generally, substituting appropriations authorization of $15,000,000 for fiscal years 1989 and 1990, such amounts to remain available until expended for authorization of $15,000,000 for fiscal years 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992.

Pub. L. 100-690 amended section generally, substituting appropriations authorization of $15,000,000 for fiscal years 1989 through 1992 for authorization of $13,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $15,000,000 for fiscal years 1987 and 1988.

§ 10801. Congressional findings and statement of purpose

(a) The Congress finds that

(1) mentally ill individuals are vulnerable to abuse and serious injury;

(2) mentally ill individuals are subject to neglect, including lack of treatment, adequate nutrition, clothing, health care, and adequate discharge planning; and

(3) State systems for monitoring compliance with respect to the rights of mentally ill individuals vary widely and are frequently inadequate.

(b) The purposes of this chapter are

(1) to ensure that the rights of mentally ill individuals are protected; and

(2) to assist States to establish and operate a protection and advocacy system for mentally ill individuals which will—

(A) protect and advocate the rights of such individuals through activities to ensure the enforcement of the Constitution and Federal and State statutes; and

(B) investigate incidents of abuse and neglect of mentally ill individuals if the incidents are reported to the system or if there is probable cause to believe that the incidents occurred.

(Pub. L. 99-319, title I, § 101, May 23, 1986, 100 Stat. 478.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 99-319, May 23, 1986, 100 Stat. 478, known as the Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act of 1986, which enacted this chapter and section 247a of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note below and Tables.

SHORT TITLE OF 1988 AMENDMENT

Pub. L. 100-509, § 1, Oct. 20, 1988, 102 Stat. 2543, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10802, 10804 to 10806, 10821, 10822, 10825, and 10827 of this title and enacting a provision set out as a note under section 10827 of this title] may be cited as the 'Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Amendments Act of 1988'."

SHORT TITLE

Section 1 of Pub. L. 99-319 provided: "That this Act [enacting this chapter and section 247a of this title and enacting a provision set out below] may be cited as the 'Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act of 1986'."

SUPERSEDURE OF BALANCED BUDGET PROVISIONS Section 402 of Pub. L. 99-319 provided that: "This Act [see Short Title note above] shall not be construed as superseding any of the balanced budget provisions set forth in section 3(7) of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 [2 U.S.C. 622(7)].”

§ 10802. Definitions

For purposes of this subchapter:

(1) The term "abuse" means any act or failure to act by an employee of a facility rendering care or treatment which was performed, or which was failed to be performed, knowingly, recklessly, or intentionally, and which caused, or may have caused, injury or death to a mentally ill individual, and includes acts such as

(A) the rape or sexual assault of a mentally ill individual;

(B) the striking of a mentally ill individual;

(C) the use of excessive force when placing a mentally ill individual in bodily restraints; and

(D) the use of bodily or chemical restraints on a mentally ill individual which is not in compliance with Federal and State laws and regulations.

(2) The term "eligible system" means the system established in a State to protect and advocate the rights of persons with developmental disabilities under part C of the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act [42 U.S.C. 6041 et seq.1.

(3) The term "mentally ill individual” means an individual

(A) who has a significant mental illness or emotional impairment, as determined by a