There were other factors. This storm, the Diane storm, followed by only a few days the Connie rains, which came along and completely saturated the soil and filled all the little natural lakes and the millponds in New England, so that when these rains hit with such a great intensity in a relatively few hours, it caused the minor streams to have record floods and small brooks were torrential in their flow. It caused the failure of some 150 or more small local dams, with the result that the flow in the major unprotected tributaries was a very violent flow of high velocity, and the result was that the water destroyed the buildings it hit, rather than simply wetting them, as is normally the damage experience in a flood.

Senator DOUGLAS. Colonel, you said that 150 dams in New England failed. What do you mean by that? Were the dams swept away or did water come over the spillway in large volume?

Colonel PENNEY. Both, sir. There were several methods of failing. In some the abutments would wash out. In some the water went over the top and eroded part of the dam. In general, they lost their capacity and contributed to the rush of water downstream.

General STURGIS. May I interrupt to say that none of those dams, Senator, are Federal dams in the program. They were local dams. Colonel PENNEY. The rainfall for the storm of October is shown by dotted lines here (chart 4) and the solid lines are the August floodthe same one shown on chart 3. You can see in October the storm was generally located the same, although it was not as intense as the August flood. However, there was a center here on the Westfield River of 12 inches, and the result was that severe damage occurred again on the Westfield River, and again on this very critically hit Naugatuck River in the Housatonic Basin. Thomaston Reservoir, which is an authorized reservoir, toward the upper end of the Naugatuck Basin would have prevented a very great amount of damage on the Naugatuck in the second storm. In the first storm it would also have prevented damage.

Senator BUSH. Mr. Chairman, might I move that those charts be incorporated in the record of these hearings?

Senator LEHMAN. With no objection, it is so ordered. (The charts referred to will be found opposite.)

General STURGIS. As shown by Colonel Penny, you can see that the 1955 August and October storms both were in the lower part of the Connecticut Valley. Therefore flood-control works that were in Vermont on the tributaries of the Connecticut River were not hit at all. Now, along the Connecticut River itself we had built, with the $72 million that had been appropriated, levees at Hartford, at East Hartford, at Holyoke and Springfield. And I think it is interesting to note that the cost of those levees that I have mentioned was $19 million, whereas the damages prevented were $33 million from this one flood alone. And these levees still had a very large freeboard of about 15 feet. The water actually was only about 8 or 10 feet up on these levees. That freeboard, of course, resulted from the fact that the storm did not go into the upper part of the Connecticut Valley, which there fore did not contribute large flood flows.

As for those particular projects located within the area of the storm itself-Colonel, would you please indicate, first Knightsville? The Knightsville Dam cost $3.2 million to build, and in this one storm alone had benefits of $11.5 million. The Mansfield Hollow Dam cost